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Gonad of Helix pomatia in annual cycle

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Histological analyses were conducted of the annual cycle of male gonads of spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus Raf. Although changes in the male gonads throughout the year are clearly evident, they are not uniform in all males. Spiny-cheek crayfish mate mainly in the autumn from September to November. After mating, the gonads of male crayfish can be divided into two groups according to their histological structure. In the first group there is an abundance of sperm in the gonads, while the testicular tubules in the second group are either empty or contain a small amount of sperm. This division remains until May. In May, the histological picture of the gonads is uniform, and there are either very few or no tubules containing sperm. In June O. limosus males occur in two forms. The histological pictures of first- and second-form male gonads do not differ. However, beginning in July and also in August and September, the gonads of first- and second-form males do differ. First-form male crayfish gonads contain more sperm than those of second-form males. From October onwards, all of the males are first-form, and primarily spermatids and sperm are visible in the gonads. The possibility that the spiny-cheek crayfish mates twice annually, once in autumn and again in spring, is discussed based on changes observed in the histological picture of the gonads.
Histological analyses were preformed to investigate the annual cycle of the ovaries of female spiny-cheek crayfish Orconectes limosus Raf. (Crustacea). In May, the crayfish ovaries were filled mainly with oocytes in the initial stage of development (previtellogenic oocytes). The histological picture of the ovaries indicated the presence of empty follicles and mature oocytes undergoing resorption. In the summer months, the volume of the oocytes gradually increased and surplus substances material began to be synthesized (phase I or endogenous vitellogenesis). The histological picture of the ovaries in August was varied; some of them contained previtellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes in phase I, while others contained mainly oocytes in phase II of vitellogenesis when the cytoplasm fills with yolk and lipid globules. In fall, winter and spring the ovaries of crayfish O. limosus were filled mainly with oocytes in phase II of vitellogenesis; these were gradually increasing in volume. The annual gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated in the range of 0.41 to 5.83. The percentage of previtellogenic to vitellogenic oocytes prior to spawning was 23:77, and following spawning it was 70:30.
An analysis of meiotic and mitotic chromosomes of P. corneus inhabiting Lake Kortowskie was made in order to verify the use of different tissues and colchicine treatments, the hypotonization time and two methods of chromosome slide preparation. In total, 30 chromosomal slides of six individuals were analyzed. The well spread chromosomes were introduced onto the slides by dropping a cell suspension of the mantle epithelium, foot and intestine of each individual, directly injected with colchicine, after 20 min of hypotonization. The karyotype was composed of 2n=36 biarmed chromosomes, thirty metacentrics with the rest being submetacentrics, NF=72. In the slides of the gonads the meiotic chromosomes in spermatogenesis were observed as being in prophase I (leptoten, zygoten, and diakinesis) and in telophase I. In diakinesis 18 bivalents were formed. No disturbances were observed during meiosis. The spermatozoa were typical of aquatic molluscs; consisting of a spherical head, a short midpiece and a long tail.
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