Maszyny rolnicze pracujące w polu są narażone na korozję ziemną. Niemożliwość trwałego zabezpieczenia elementów pracujących w ziemi powoduje szybkie ich korodowanie. Powstałe na powierzchni roboczej trwa³e produkty korozji pełnią wówczas rolę „powłoki ochronnej” zabezpieczającej część roboczą przed dalszą korozją. W pracy opisano skorodowaną powierzchnię lemiesza pługa rolniczego ze względu na parametry chropowatości powierzchni 3D, jak i na wizualizacje powierzchni (SEM) oraz skład chemiczny (EDX). W pracy pokazano, że powierzchnia skorodowanego lemiesza pługa rolniczego jest niejednorodna z licznymi mikropęknięciami a parametr chropowatości powierzchni S wynosi 8,96 m. Po³owa najczęściej występujących nierówności na zbadanej powierzchni zawiera się w przedziale 25-57 m, jednakże największą częstotliwość występowania nierówności odnotowuje się dla nierówności w zakresie m. Najmniejsza częstotliwość występowania nierówności mieści się w zakresie 8,17-16,3 m dla małych nierówności oraz 65,4-73,6 m dla dużych nierówności.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Human empathy emerges over phylogeny from various behavioral precursors. One of the simplest is emotional contagion, i.e. sharing emotional states between individuals, which can be modelled in rodents. In our model of socially transferred fear we showed that a brief social interaction with a fearful cage mate (demonstrator) promotes aversive learning in an otherwise naïve rat (observer) and activates the amygdala of the observers, especially its central part (CeA). METHODS: To elucidate the role of neuronal circuits in the central amygdala of the observers, we used two methods of functional mapping: transgenic rats expressing in behaviorally activated neurons a PSD-95:Venus fusion protein and injected with anterograde tracer and a combination of retrograde tracing with c-Fos ISH. RESULTS: We have identified several afferent and efferent CeA projections active during socially transferred fear. We discovered strong activation especially in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and dorsal raphe nuclei (DRN), structures receiving dense projections from the CeA and implicated in fear and anxiety disorders. Moreover, we observed that most of the activated cells are GABA-ergic neurons. To test whether the activated circuits are similar for the socially and non-socially induced emotions, we used double immunodetection for a PSD-95:Venus construct and endogenous c-Fos. About 70% of neurons was activated by both social interaction with fear conditioned partner and subsequent fear conditioning. Moreover, using optogenetics, we showed that specific activation of CeA neurons involved in socially transferred fear results in increased anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that there exists a group of neurons in the central amygdala that is involved in integrating information about a threat, activated during socially transferred fear and subsequently recruited by learning of fear responses. Part of these cells is probably specifically involved in socially induced anxiety.
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań odporności korozyjnej stali austenitycznej AISI 304 stosowanej do budowy cystern mleczarskich. Zbadano warunki wystąpienia korozji wżerowej w wybranych produktach przemysłu mleczarskiego.
In present work, an approach to porous PEO coating sublayers determination on the basis of Glow-Discharge Optical Emission Spectroscopy (GDOES) measurements, is presented. CP Titanium Grade 2 was used for the study. By interpreting the depth profiles obtained by GDOES, the Authors could reveal boundaries of zones with specific features in the obtained coating. This way the porous PEO coating can be divided into different sublayers. The use of the first and second derivatives of hydrogen, phosphorus and titanium signals in the GD profiles allowed to determine thesesub-layers, with results shown in that article
INTRODUCTION: Social complex behavior, like empathy, emerge over phylogeny from various precursors. One of the simplest is emotional contagion, i.e. sharing emotional states between individuals. Receiving signals of a potential danger may increase chances of survival, thus emotional contagion plays an important role in learning about external environment. The phenomenon is well described at the behavioral level, but the neural circuits necessary for sharing emotions are unknown. We designed a rat model of fear contagion and showed that a brief social interaction with a fearful cage mate promotes risk assessment behavior and activates the central amygdala (CeA) in an otherwise naïve rat. AIM(S): The purpose of this project was to elucidate the role of the CeA circuits involved in socially shared fear. METHOD(S): To investigate the functional outputs of the activated CeA neurons, we mapped neural circuits downstream from the CeA combining anterograde tracing with an imaging of activated neurons in transgenic “Venus” rats. To test the function of CeA “social fear” neurons, we optogenetically stimulated or inhibited subpopulation of CeA neurons activated by social interaction using c-fos-driven targeting of channelrhodopsin and halorhodopsin. RESULTS: In rats that socially shared fear of their partners, we observed strong activation of structures involved in anxiety and motor functions. Most of the activated cells received projections from the CeA. Optogenetic activation of the “social fear” neurons in a social context led to behavioral pattern resembling the one observed during social interaction with a fearful partner. Activation of neurons in non-social context induced exploration and risk assessment behavior (active fear). Inhibition of them had the opposite effects. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the CeA neurons involved in socially transferred fear mediate active fear responses and anxiety-related behaviors in both social and non-social conditions.