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1

Site-specific aquifer characterization and identification of potential groundwater areas in Pakistan

100%
Farid H. U., Mahmood-Khan Z., Ali A., Mubeen M., Anjum M. N.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2017
|
tom 26
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nr 1
Detailed knowledge about site-specific aquifer characteristics, subsurface lithology, and groundwater potential can help to determine the depth and location of fresh groundwater quality. The present research study was carried out by conducting 80 vertical electrical sounding surveys (VESs) in Rahim Yar Khan District (RYK), Punjab, Pakistan to distinguish the fresh groundwater aquifer from saline groundwater and to evaluate the aquifer protective capacity (APC) of overburden. 1XID software (Interpex, USA) was used to accomplish the interpretation of VES data. The VES interpreted data was used to prepare spatial distribution maps of aquifer apparent resistivity (AR), layer thickness, longitudinal conductance (LC), and transverse resistance (TR) for the second, third, and fourth subsurface layers using ArcGIS 10.1. The results showed that the greater part of the study area (65%) had four subsurface geo-electric layers. The spatial distribution maps for AR showed that the fresh groundwater quality was present on the northwestern and northeastern sides of the study area for all the layers. The results also indicated that the APC of overburden increased with the increase of depth from the ground surface. Layer 4 with thickness of 57.09 m showed good APC in the northern and central parts with LC values of >0.7 mhos. Similarly, the higher values of TR showed higher yield potential in the north-eastern part as compared to the southern part. Overall analysis indicated that the spatial distribution maps of AR, layer thickness, LC, and TR should be helpful for future groundwater development in terms of quality and quantity.
2

Experimental study on maize cob trickling filter-based wastewater treatment system: design, development, and performance evaluation

86%
Ali I., Khan Z. M., Sultan M., Mahmood M. H., Farid H. U., Ali M., Nasir A.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
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2016
|
tom 25
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nr 6
In developing countries, good-quality water is contaminated due to the disposal of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater (WW) into natural water reservoirs. Most of the wastewater is not treated properly according to international standards, and usually is disposed of and/or utilized for irrigation without appropriate treatment. The main hurdles in providing wastewater treatment (WWT) in developing countries include high costs, and the poor design, installation, and operation of conventional WWT systems. Therefore, the present study explores the maize cobs trickling filter-based (MCTF) low-cost WWT option for developing countries like Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. In this regard, indigenous media trickling filter was designed and developed using maize cobs as packing material for biofilm growth. The MCTFWWT system was continually operated and monitored for six months at constant hydraulic wastewater loading of about 113±2 m3 per m2 per day. The experimental data covers winter and summer seasons with temperature variations from 23ºC to 43ºC. System performance was evaluated by means of various WWT parameters, including biological and chemical oxygen demands (BOD5 and COD), total suspended and dissolved solids (TSS and TDS), turbidity, and color – before and after WWT. Experimental results showed that the MCTF-WWT system successfully removed about 79% BOD and 75% COD on average. The key reason for effective BOD and COD removal was rapid development of microbial film (within the first two weeks). Furthermore, the MCTF-WWT system removed 42-46% TSS, 28-30% TDS, 43-46% turbidity, and 33-37% color. The study concludes that the MCTF-WWT system is an effective and economical WWT option for irrigation/agricultural applications in developing countries.
3

Wastewater evaluation for Multan, Pakistan: characterization and agricultural reuse

72%
Khan Z. M., Kanwar R. M. A., Farid H. U., Sultan M., Arsalan M., Ahmad M., Shakoor A., Aslam M. M. A.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2019
|
tom 28
|
nr 4
Wastewater (WW) volume generated from both domestic and industrial sectors has increased due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. WW is increasingly used on farms because it is cheap and easily available all year, causing various environmental and health implications. In order to evaluate Multan WW, this study characterizes 154 WW samples collected from 11 disposal stations. These samples were analysed for 23 parameters related to organic matter, nutrients, inorganic matter, and pathogens to determine pollution extent distribution, agricultural reuse potential, and WW treatment database. A major contamination concern was found regarding biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total coliform, and E-Coli. The average values of BOD and COD were found to be 2.7 and 3.8 times higher than the permissible limits respectively. The microbiological parameters such as total coliform and E-Coli were found to be 10.6 and 36 times higher than the permissible limits, respectively. However, heavy metals and nutrients were found within the permissible limit except phosphorus. Here, the correlation study on selected WW parameters indicated the direct or indirect relationship among WW constituents and the impact of different sources of pollution on WW characteristics. The present study also presents a critical review of different treatment options according to contamination strength in disposal stations.
4

Removal of Crystal violet and Eriochrome black T dyes from aqueous solutions by magnetic nanoparticles biosynthesized from leaf Extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb

72%
Ali I., Peng C., Khan Z. M., Sultan M., Naz I., Ali M., Farid H. U., Mahmood M. H., Ahsen R.
Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
|
2019
|
tom 28
|
nr 4
In the present research, a “green” recipe was used to produce innovative phytogenic magnetic nanoparticles (PMNPs) from leaf extract of Fraxinus chinensis Roxb without employing any additional toxic surfactants as capping agents. The convenient reaction between metal salt solution and plant biomolecules occurred within a few minutes by color changes from pale green to intense black, hinting at the production of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The formation of PMNPs was verified by employing different techniques such as UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The fabricated PMNPs were further utilized as a catalyst for removing toxic dyes, i.e., Crystal violet (CV) and Eriochrome black T (EBT) from aqueous solutions in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The concentrations of CV and EBT were calculated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy throughout all the experiments. The results indicated that PMNPs showed >95% removal of both dyes within 10 min of contact time over a wide range of concentration, 10-300 mg/L. The degradation kinetics were also investigated using first- and second-order rate equations, and the results indicated that kinetic data of both CV and EBT followed first-order degradation rate. Moreover, the removal efficiency of the fabricated PMNPs was alsocompared with chemically synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (CSMNPs), and the results indicated that our fabricated PMNPs were more effective in terms of extent and speed to remove dyes. Finally, we have also proposed a possible removal mechanism. Altogether, the developed “green” recipe can easily be implemented to produce potentially biocompatible and non-toxic PMNPs for treatment of wastewater and can also easily be employed in low-economy countries.
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