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Long-distance endurance rides involve strenuous effort, which induces numerous changes in the horse’s body, including the exercise-induced acute-phase response (APR). Such a reaction has also been reported in humans and dogs after exertion, but it varies depending on the species and the type of exercise. In horses, the exerciseinduced APR is manifested as an increase in serum amyloid A (SAA) after the effort, but the mechanism and regulation of this process has not been clearly understood. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the changes in the concentration of cytokines that are believed to regulate this type of reaction. Twelve horses competing in 120 km and 160 km endurance rides were included in the study. The routine haematological and biochemical blood test, as well as the measurements of SAA, IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα, were carried out before and after competitions. Typical haematological changes and increases in SAA levels were accompanied by increases in IL-6 and IL-10 concentrations, which were also positively correlated before the effort. Taking into account the sampling time, it is postulated that the exercise-induced APR is promoted by type 1 cytokines. It has also been concluded that the exercise-induced APR in horses in regular training is accompanied by strong a anti-inflammatory response, which prevents clinical disorders after long-distance rides. Then, the overall “anti-inflammatory state” defined previously in race horses is also likely to occur in endurance horses.
Background: Hucul horses are the unique, genetically distinct breed of Carpathian Mountains. Even though they are recognized as primitive breed, many morphological differences between them and other primitive horses have been reported. Neither hematological nor blood biochemical studies in this breed have been conducted so far. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the reference intervals for basic hematological and selected biochemical variables and to compare them with other breeds. Material and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 168 Hucul horses and the analyses were performed using routine methods. Mainly nonparametric method was used to establish reference intervals. Results: The following reference intervals have been established (rounded to two significant digits): RBC: 7.0-13x1012/l; HGB: 106.1-195.8 g/l; HCT: 0.3-0.6 l/l; MCV: 35-50 fl; MCH 11.9-17.1 pg; MCHC: 31.9-34.8 g/dl; WBC: 7.5-22x109/l, bands: 0-0.5x109/l; segmented neutrophils: 3.3-10x109/l; eosinophils: 0-1.1x109/l; basophils: 0-0.3x109/l; lymphocytes: 1.9-12x109/l; monocytes: 0-0.2x109/l; PLT 95-350x109/l; MPV 5.2-7.0; ALP: 98-425 U/l; AST: 220-470 U/l; GGT: 9.1-31 U/l; total bilirubin: 6.5-29 μmol/l; CPK: 120-640 U/l; triglycerides: 0.1-0.9 mmol/l; urea: 3.8-11 mmol/l; creatinine: 44 -140 μmol/l; serum amyloid A: 130-5200 μg/l. Conclusions: Hematological and biochemical variables in Hucul horses were closer to hot-blooded then to cold-blooded and primitive horses or wild equidae. The reference intervals presented in this study pose clinically useful tool for evaluation of blood check-up in Hucul horses.
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