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Engram

100%
Experience-induced plastic changes in the cerebral cortex are accompanied by alterationsin excitatory and inhibitory transmission. Increased excitatory drive, necessary for plasticity, precedes the occurrence of plastic change, while decreased inhibitory signaling often facilitates plasticity. However, an increase of inhibitory interactions was noted in some instances of experience-dependent changes. We found upregulation of the number of inhibitory markers in the barrel cortex of mice after classical conditioning engaging vibrissae, observed concurrently with enlargement of the cortical representational area of the row of vibrissae receiving conditioned stimulus (CS). We also observed that an increase of GABA level accompanied the conditioning. Moreover, Npas4, a transcription factor important for structural and functional neuronal plasticity and identified as an element of the program controlling inhibitory synapse development, was affected by conditioning. With real-time PCR on laser-dissected individual rows of barrels we found that Npas4 mRNA level was upregulated following conditioning. In order to find whether unaltered GABAergic signaling is necessary for learning-dependent rewiring in the murine barrel cortex, we locally decreased GABA production in the barrel cortex or reduced transmission through GABAA receptors at the time of the conditioning. Both treatments prevented learninginduced enlargement of the conditioned vibrissae representation. At the behavioral level, consolidation of the conditioned response (cessation of head movements in response to CS) was impaired. These results show that appropriate functioning of the GABAergic system is required for both manifestation of functional cortical representation plasticity and for the development of a conditioned response.
The sensory system linking mystacial vibrissae to barrels in somatosensory cortex is an object of many studies concerning brain plasticity. Sensory denervation, sensory deprivation and learning paradigms have been used to explore mechanisms of use-dependent plastic changes of cortical physiology, anatomy, neurochemistry and microstructure. The lecture will describe experiments examining changes in functioning of the barrel cortex evoked by classical conditioning in which stimulation of vibrissae was used as CS and tail shock as UCS. Plastic modification of the barrel cortex activation pattern following fear learning was revealed by 2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, showing expanded cortical representation of vibrissae to which CS was applied. This effect was NMDA receptor‑dependent, and modified inhibitory and xcitatory neurotransmission within the barrels. Changes in electrophysiological properties of neurons were observed, together with rapid inhibitory synaptogenesis. Activity dependent alterations were found in the ultrastructure of both inhibitory and excitatory synapses. The role of GABAergic transmission in learning-dependent plasticity of the barrel cortex will be discussed
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Neuroplastycznosc i neurorehabilitacja

88%
The neural bases of appetitive and aversive conditioning are different, and at various stages of learning may engage distinct cortical and subcortical networks. Using [14C]2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiography we examined brain activation in mice during classical conditioning involving stimulation of whiskers on one side of the muzzle paired with an aversive or appetitive UCS. Both variants result in modifi cation of cortical representations of vibrissae activated during the conditioning. Analysis of autoradiograms revealed that the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) and ventral pallidum showed stronger labeling during appetitive training while the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and basolateral amygdala (BLA) were activated only by aversive learning. Apart from that, classicalconditioning with appetitive or aversive UCS increased 2-DG uptake in a similar set of brain structures – the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), cingulate (CG) and retrosplenial gyrus (RET), caudate nucleus (CPU) and nucleus accumbens (NA). Formation of sensory association, compared to pseudoconditioning, induces more activity in the subcortical sensory processing pathway (ventral postero-medial and posterior nuclei of the thalamus) but not in the barrel cortex. Also, conditioning contrasted with pseudoconditioning increases activity in structures important for cognitive and attentional functions (PPC, NA, CG, RET, CPU), which might provide the enhancing input necessary for memory trace formation.
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