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Molecular detection of apicomplexan parasites in splenic samples of red foxes collected from northeastern Poland was conducted by PCR amplification of a fragment of the 18S rRNA spanning the V4 gene region of Apicomplexa. Positive PCR products were further analysed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing to identify species. One hundred and eleven red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were acquired from 15 localities in the Mazovian Province and 27 foxes were acquired from the Mazurian Lakeland. Apicomplexan 18S rDNA was detected in 15.9% of 138 fox spleens examined. Three apicomplexan species were identified: Hepatozoon canis was detected in 11.6% of the spleen samples, Toxoplasma gondii was detected in 3.6% of the spleen samples and a Babesia sp. was sequenced from 1 sample (0.7%). This data represent the first record of H. canis, T. gondii and a B. sp. from naturally infected red foxes in Poland. Infected foxes may act as sylvatic reservoirs of these apicomplexan parasites as well as serving as a source of infection for arthropod definitive hosts and vectors.
Coccidian oocysts were prevalent in nearly 100% of goats and sheep from various localities in Slovakia. In goats 4 Eimeria species were identified: E. ninakohlyakimovae (in kids 40%, in adult goats 51 %), E. arloingi (in kids 43%, in adult goats 20%), E. alijevi (in kids 12%, in adult goats 21 %) and E. hirci (in kids 3%, in adult goats 2%). In addition, 2-6% of coccidian oocysts were not speciated. The mean number of oocysts per gram of faeces (OPG) was 5853 ± 12666 (min. 160-max. 31920) in kids and 2365 ± 4916 (min. 80 - max. 7920) in adult goats. In sheep 5 Eimeria species were identified: E. parva (in lambs 42%, in adult sheep 37%), E. ovinoidalis (in lambs 33%, in adult sheep 29%), E. crandallis (in lambs 14%, in adult sheep 19%), E. bakuensis (in lambs 6%, in adult sheep 6%), E. faurei (in lambs 3%, in adult sheep 4%); 2-5% of coccidian oocysts could not be classified. The mean OPG value was 11941 ±9048 (min. 2680-max. 48880) in lambs and 5250 ± 3412 (min. 880-max. 12280) in adult sheep. In connection with the occurrence of pathogenic Eimeria species, the total counts of selected enterobacteriae in faeces of both goats and sheep were also evaluated. In spite of the fact that in kids the mean OPG numbers were lower, the values of total bacterial counts in their faeces were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than in lambs. In comparison with lambs, organisms of kids are probably more susceptible to influence of pathogenic Eimeria species. The total counts of selected enterobacteria genera in goats and sheep with coccidiosis were higher than in control groups. These increased bacterial counts might be affected by impaired immunity of the host. Other factors as feeding, breeding conditions and management etc. may be also taken into consideration.
The aim of this paper was the detection of the specific antibodies anti-Borrelia and anti-Ehrlichia in the sera of 28 sick pigs and 29 sick cows from the area of the Lublin voivodeship. ELISA tests, and Western blot were conducted. In ELISA tests, 17.86% sera of swine were positive for spirochetes and 7.14% for Ehrlichia. In a bovine group 44.83% of sera specimens were positive for Borrelia, and 20.69% for Ehrlicha. All sera that were positive in ELISA tests for spirochetes were examined additionally in Western blot method for the presence of antibodies against Borrelia afzelii (13 bovine sera, and 5 swine sera). In 8 out of 13 bovine sera (61.54%) and in one out of 5 (20%) swine sera that were positive in the ELISA test, specific antibodies against Borrelia were detected. In all cases IgG immunoglobins reacted strongly with the antigens: 31, 39, 41, 66 kDa of B. afzelii. The results revealed a low specificity of the ELISA test for the detection of borreliosis and confirmed an endemic occurrence of Borrelia and Ehrlicha in the area of the Lublin voivodeship
Geographically different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (B. burgdorferi sensu stricto Ir 105, B. burgdorferi s.s. + B. afzelii V 123, B. garinii Ir 112 - isolates from eastern Slovakia, B. garinii K24 - isolate from western Slovakia and B. burgdorferi s.s. B 31 - American strain) were compared as antigens for serological study of Lyme borreliosis by IgG ELISA on a group of horses from eastern Slovakia. In a set of 101 horse serum samples, positivity with the use of Ir 105 strain was 53 (52.4%), with V 123 51 (51.49%), with Ir 112 48 (47.5%), with K 24 47 (46.5%) and with B 31 only 25 (24.7%). The seroprevalence between strains B 31 and Ir 105, B 31 and V 123, B31 and Ir112, B 31 and K 24 differed statistically significantly ( test chi2, p<0.05); however, the differences between strains Ir 105, V 123, Ir 112 and K 24 were insignificant. Consistency of positive and negative findings between American and Slovak strains ranged from 50.5-62.4%. Comparison of Slovak strains (Ir 105, V 123, Ir 112 and K 24) consistency of positive and negative findings was higher from 79.2-95.04% The highest consistency of findings was reached comparing strains Ir 112 and K 24, and the same high agreement of results was observed between the strains Ir 105 and V 123 and also Ir 112 and Ir 105. Higher consistency of findings of serologically examined horses with geographically close strains is in accordance with greater similarity of protein profiles of Slovak strains compared to the American strain.
Data presented in this study focuses on the presence of anti-Borrelia antibodies in small mammals from Eastern Slovakia during 2000-2003. The total seropositivity observed was 18.78% in rodents. Amongst all species, the total seroprevalence in Apodemus flavicolis was the highest (20.87%), followed by Apodemus agrarius (19.58%) and Clethrionomys glareolus (11.11%). However, the prevalence in Apodemus flavicolis during the year 2000-2001 was higher (26.72%), which reduced to 10.60% in 2002-2003. To compare the year range of seroprevalence in other small mammals was not feasible due to the small sample number. Area-wise distribution of anti-Borrelia antibodies was even (18.75% to 20%) in this study, except in the Boťany province (0%). This confirms the equal distribution of Borrelia spirochetes in the other 3 localities. Prevalence of anti-Borrelia antibodies during summer was significantly higher than during autumn and early spring. The overall study also reviews the importance of small mammals in Lyme disease ecology.
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