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The paper presents results of the studies conducted to determine causes and directions of transformations in vegetation of meadow-pasture communities in the area of the Wielki Łęg Obrzański [Great Obra Floodmeadows]. Multifaceted natural and habitat analyses were conducted on over 1800 relevés prepared in the vegetation seasons of 2005–2009 according to Braun-Blanquet. On their basis the phytosociological and floristic structure was analysed and habitat conditions were determined by phytoindication. Moreover, laboratory methods were applied in soil analyses to determine contents of basic macro- and microelements and groundwater table levels were recorded. Results referred to the documentation and archive literature made it possible to determine causes of transformations in plant communities in that area and outline probable directions in which succession was progressing. A lack of regular land use patterns is seen as the primary cause for the transformation in the flora of the Wielki Łęg Obrzański, particularly in the last 20 years. A considerable limitation of land use in certain sections of this area has led to the initiation of dominance of nitrophilic species such as Urtica dioica, Cirsium arvense, Potentilla anserina or Galium mollugo, while in the thinned sward it led to the development of grass species with very limited economic importance. Another equally important factor affecting the structure of vegetation cover is connected with air and water relations in soils, determined by the drainage system operating there for the last 200 years and by precipitation.
The paper presents the results of the research on the speed and level of colonization of the unexploited railway lines by grasses. Railways tracks are an inseparable element of the human-shaped environments. These areas have specific ecological-edafical conditions and only plants of wide ecological amplitude are able to get control over them. Among grasses there is a significant number of species whose biological properties, resistance to environmental stresses and ability to survive in extreme conditions let them overrun and turf difficult terrains. These are mostly species which root deeply, creep, form a large number of diasporas and are often connected with significantly drying habitats, such as Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca ovina, Festuca rubra and Poa pratensis, which grow relatively fast within peatlands. The expansion of grasses typical to ecosystems crossed by railway tracks were also identified in these areas e.g. Melica nutans, Poa nemoralis in forestry areas, Phragmites australis, Bromus inermis on wetlands and Apera spica-venti, Bromus secalinus, Echinochloa crus-galli or Setaria viridis on agricultural terrains. However, these taxons appeared usually single with a minor share. Total number of grasses was 31.
The aim of our investigations conducted on grasslands situated in the region of Wielkopolska was to analyze changes in the occurrence of selected plant species in the sward of meadow communities, to determine causes of their expansion and the impact on natural and useful values of these plant complexes. The occurrence of Deschampsia caespitosa, Holcus lanatus and Cirsium arvense from meadow communities was subject to comparative analysis. The behaviour of the above species, described as aggressive, was analyzed on the basis of changes in the frequency of their occurrence (i.e. constancy degree) in communities and the achieved ground covering coefficient. In addition, causes and consequences of the expansive behaviour of the analyzed plant species were assessed. The expansive behaviour of Deschampsia caespitosa, Holcus lanatus and Cirsium arvense is associated, on the one hand, with the occupation of new sites and, on the other, with a significant increase in the proportion of these species in the sward as evidenced by the obtained values of the ground-covering coefficient. The spreading the analyzed plant species results from the direct or indirect anthropo-pressure on sites and vegetation type of meadow communities. The discussed expansive species – course hairgrass, velvet grass and Canadian thistle – occurring in grass communities, especially during longer time intervals, exert unfavourable influence on their natural and use values.
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