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The objective of this study was the evaluation of possible joint application of amidosulfuron (Grodyl 75 WG) with retardant containing CCC (Antywylegacz Płynny 675 SL). In particular the influence of the examined mixture on stem shortage, wheat yielding and broad leaved weed control was taken into consideration. Amidosulfuron and retardant were applied jointly and separately, at two dates: beginning of wheat shooting and flag leaf stage. Four weeks after the treatment, the assessment of weed control efficacy was carried out. Plants height and lodging were recorded after wheat earing. At harvest, grain yield and weight of 1000 grain were determined. Application method of CCC and amidosulfuron did not influence weed control and wheat yielding. Weed control and wheat stem shortage were related to the application date of examined products. Later application resulted in a slightly weaker reduction of plants height and weed regulation.
The aim of the studies was to determine the allelophatic effect of Alopecurus myosuroides seeds on winter wheat germination and seedling growth. Results showed that the neighbourhood of A. myosuroides decrease germination ability of winter wheat by 4–42% in comparison to the pure sowing. A negative influence of the tested weed species on length of seed root of wheat was observed. The research showed that neighbourhood of A. myosuroides seeds caused root shortening of winter wheat by 64–77%, in comparison to the control (pure sowing of winter wheat).
The aim of the studies was to determine (by using two types of test) the allelophatic effect of Centaurea cyanus achenes on Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale germination, seedling growth and plant development. A modified test PhytotoxkitTM was used for the experiments. Research objects were assay plates with C. cyanus seeded in the number of 5, 10 and 15 pieces per each cereal grain. On the control plates only cereal grains were seeded. The same experimental design was used in the case of using traditional bioassay to determine the infuence of different amount of cornflower seeds in plant hight and fresh weight of crops. Both tests were carried out in three seperate experimental series, each in three replications. The obtained results showed that neighbourhood of C. cyanus seeds differentiated root length, height and fresh weight of aboveground parts of T. aestivum and S. cereale plants. Cornflower achenes decreased fresh weight of winter wheat by 16–20% in comparison to the control. A stimulating effect of the tested weed species on growth and development of rye plants was stated. Winter wheat was a more sensitive species to the neighbourhood of C. cyanus seeds than rye.
The influence of method and application time of retardant CCC and herbicide fluroxypyr on weed control degree and wheat yielding was examined under field condition during 2006–2008. CCC and fluroxypyr were used separately and in tank mixture at two growth stages: BBCH 31–31 and BBCH 35–37. Both products were applied in recommended doses: CCC – 2.0 l/ha and fluroxypyr – 0.8 l/ha. The selectivity and efficacy assessment was carried out four weeks after treatment. Plants height was measured after wheat heading. At the time of harvest grain yield and weight of 1 000 grains was recorded. A method of CCC and fluroxypyr application did not affect weed control and wheat grain yield, whilst the time of application differentiated effectiveness in weed biomass and wheat height reduction. Later dates of application resulted in less plant shortening as well as weed control limitation.
In 2007–2009 field trials were conducted to asses the efficacy of 3 herbicides considering a different date of performed treatments and applied methods of controling Alopecurus myosuroides. The herbicides were applied as a single treatment in the autumn or spring and as a twice treatment in the autumn and in spring. In field conditions A. myosuroides was the most effectively controlled by Atlantis 04 WG with adiuvant Actirob 842 EC (all method of treatment). Remaining herbicides – Axial 100 EC with adiuvant Adigor 440 EC and Attribut 70 WG – the best efficacy was shown after double application in the autumn and spring and a single treatment in the autumn. Herbicides applied twice provided the highest level of winter wheat yielding. From agricultural point of view the most advantageous was the autumn control of A. myosuroides. The spring treatment despite of a good control efficacy of the weed did not ensure a high level of winter wheat yielding. It resulted from a longer period of A. myosuroides competitive influence on winter wheat.
A floristic study was conducted over the period 2010– 2012, using the Braun-Blanquet method, under which vegetation relevés were made in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris) plantations in Lower Silesia. Fields with similar habitat conditions, which differed in the intensity of herbicide application to control weed infestation, were selected for observation. A total of 144 relevés were made and based on them a list was prepared of species found in fields in which different levels of chemical protection were used. A cover index and a constancy class were determined for each species found in the phytocoenoses studied. On the basis of these observations, the study found floristic variation in the investigated agrophytocenoses as affected by the level of intensity of weed control chemicals used. In herbicide-untreated plots, a total of 25 weed species were found and their aggregate cover index was 8705. Chenopodium album L., Polygonum persicaria L. and Setaria pumila (POIR.) ROEM. & SCHULT by far dominated among them. Herbicide use caused an impoverishment in the floristic list. 20 taxa were observed in the plots treated with the lowest herbicide rates, while with increasing rates the number of species dropped to 18. The sum of the cover indices also decreased with increasing rates, successively reaching the values of 5907, 5212 and 4356.
The objective of the research was to determine biochemical changes in the aboveground parts of plants resistant and susceptible to photosystem II inhibitors and ALS inhibitors. Differences in fluorescence measurement, free amino acids content, ALS activity and rate of heat energy production enabled adaptation and development of biochemical methods for determination of resistant biotypes. Resistant biotypes were characterized by variable fluorescence curves, the increase in valine, leucine and isoleucine concentration and increase of heat energy production. Results obtained on the basis of described methods were compared with biological test (determination of resistance index) as reference method. Measurements of plant leaf fluorescence, heat energy production and amino acid content were useful methods for identification of herbicide resistant weeds.
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