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We observed the spontaneous behavior of a laboratory marsupial - the gray short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) - in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) during six consecutive sessions and compared it with the behavior of Long-Evans rats. During the first exposure to the maze both species spent most of the time in the enclosed arms but opossums showed much higher frequency of entries into the open arms and stayed there longer. On the third and subsequent days opossums reduced their entries into the open arms and spent more time on the central square, where unlike rats they frequently groomed their lower belly and hind legs. During the last sessions they started spending more time in the enclosed arms. It is concluded that probably opossums, like rats show a stable anxiety evoked by open space. However, in the rat anxiety prevails over motivation to explore a new environment, while in the opossum it is initially at equilibrium with curiosity which habituates slower than in the rat. Results are discussed in the context of different ecology of the gray opossum that actively searches and hunts quickly moving insects. Thigmotaxic behavior, while strong in both species, dominates spontaneous behavior of the rat, but not opossum.
The retrosplenial cortex is involved in spatial memory function, but the contribution of its individual areas is not well known. To elucidate the involvement of retrosplenial cortical areas 29c and 30 in spatial memory, we analyzed the expression of c-Fos in these areas in the experimental group of rats that were trained in a spatial place avoidance task, i.e. to avoid shocks presented in an unmarked sector of a stable arena under light conditions. Control rats were trained in the same context as the experimental rats either without (Control-noUS) or with shocks (Control-US) that were delivered in a random, noncontingent manner for three days. On the first day of place avoidance learning, the experimental group exhibited c-Fos induction in area 29c, similar to both control groups. In area 30, similarly high levels of c-Fos expression were observed in the experimental and Control-US groups. On the third day of training, when the experimental group efficiently avoided c-Fos expression in areas 29c and 30 was lower compared with the first day of training. In area 29c c-Fos level was also lower in the experimental group in comparison to the Control-US group. In area 30, c-Fos expression in the experimental group was lower than in both control groups. In conclusion, areas 29c and 30 appear to be activated during spatial memory acquisition on the first day of training, whereas area 30 seems suppressed during long-term memory functioning on the third day of training when rats effectively avoid.
The hippocampus is engaged in the processing of visual (allothetic) and self-motion (idiothetic) information for spatial memory function. Beyond memory, it is involved in cognitive coordination processes (Wesierska at al. 2005). We hypothesised that the hippocampus is also critical for the reorganization of spatial representations. To study this we used a place avoidance (PA) method to create homogenous allothetic (Room: R+) or idiothetic (Arena: A+) spatial representations. We then rearranged these representations according to the A+ or the R+. In the PA task hippocampal lesioned (HL) and intact (I) rats learn to avoid a place on the arena where shocks are administered. In the R+ variant this place was in a fi xed position according to the room frame (lit room, rotating arena, waterdissolved proximal cues); the A+ variant was represented by a fi xed position according to the arena information (dark, rotating arena). The HL rats were impaired during acquisition of avoidance in the R+ (F1, 14=13.97; P<0.002) but not in the A+ variant. When spatial conditions were rearranged all lesioned rats showed impaired learning (from R+ to A+: F1, 13=12.04; P<0.004; from A+ to R+: F1, 14=10.59; P<0.005). Our results suggest that acquisition of allothetic representation, compared to idiothetic representation is more highly hippocampal-dependent. Conversely, an unimpaired hippocampus seems to be necessary for the reorganisation of spatial representation. Supported by grant 3120/B/P01/2007/33.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Working memory is based on multi-component system, which comprises short term memory, long term memory and Cognitive Skill Learning (CSL) that allows to perform task based on newly acquired information. In our study rats with bilateral hippocampal lesions were tested in the Allothetic Place Avoidance Alternation Test (APAAT) to verify functional and anatomical substrates of spatial working memory. METHODS: Lesions were made using ibotenic acid injections into the hippocampus. The task of rats in the APAAT was to remember and to avoid entering onto a 45° sector (described in the room frame coordinates) on the rotating arena, where shocks were given. It requires segregation of useful, room and misleading, arena frame information. The APAAT consists of four sessions (D1, 2, 3 and D21), which comprised of habituation, training 1, training 2 and test. Each session condition lasted 5 min. Effect of hippocampal lesion on working memory was evaluated by the maximum time spent on avoiding the shock sector (Tmax). Longer Tmax during training 2 than training 1 and habituation shows on effective memory functioning. CSL was determined by number of shocks/number of entrances ratio (S/E). Low value of S/E indicate that rats well know rules in the APAAT. Non-cognitive activity was determined by the total path length (TPL). RESULTS: Rats with hippocampal lesions presented shorter Tmax during training 2 in comparison with other session conditions (F3,33=9.55; P<0.0001). Moreover, S/E ratio was on higher level in operated rats than in control (F1,12 =10.37; P<0.007). All rats presented TPL on similar level (F1,11=0.15; P=0.7). Both groups walked the shortest distance on day 21. Hippocampal rats contrary to control had impaired ability to learn rules of the test (high S/E), to segregate information and to maintain the goal (short Tmax). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that short term memory and cognitive skill learning, components of spatial working memory system, strongly depend on hippocampus.
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