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The food composition of goosander was determined based on the stomach contents of dead birds found along the San River between the localities of Zwierzyn and Lesko on February 12-14, 2012. The food composition of six birds was determined. The number of birds feeding in the study area was estimated to be between 0.7 to 11 individuals per 100 m of the river. The dominant prey of the goosander were brook trout (90.2% of the sample at a weight share of 80.7%), and European bullhead (70.2% of the sample at a weight share of 16.8%). The size of the trout identified ranged from 8 to 28 cm, while that of the bullhead was from 12 to 14 cm. The food biomass consumed by the birds during the period studied was determined to be 310 kg 24 h-1.
The aim of the study was to determine the food preferences of the black cormorant and to assess fisheries losses in Włocławski Reservoir. Twenty fish species were identified in the cormorant diet. The dominant species were ruff and perch (29.4% and 24.4 % of the weight share, respectively). Roach (11.9%) and Prussian carp (10.9%) were also important components of the cormorant diet. The share of invasive species from Gobiidae family was negligible (0.2%). Among the fish species important to commercial and recreational fisheries management, the most numerous in the cormorant diet were: ide (10 t; 2.7% of the weight share), pikeperch (8.6 t; 2.3%), asp (6.3 t; 1.79%), and pike (4.9 t; 1.3%). The fish biomass consumed by cormorants was a mean of 372.8 t annually, which is 46.6 kg per ha (range of 44.6 to 49.6 kg per ha). The analysis of fisheries losses in 2009 was estimated at 980,000 PLN.
This study addressed the feeding of sexually mature perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in Lake Kortowskie in the autumn-winter period (October-March). A total of 81 perch specimens were caught, of which 20.2% were males, 69.1% females, and 7 specimens were of unidentified sex. The composition of the perch diet was very diversified. The food contained zooplankton, insect larvae, fish, and other components. Zooplankton was the most significant in late autumn (54.9% frequency of occurrence), whereas fish and insect larvae were found to dominate in winter. Differences in feeding were observed between the sexes (there was a lack of fish in the male diet) and between specimens of different length classes (specimens with lengths over 20 cm were obligatory predators).
A sedentary lifestyle may lead to infirmity or disability. This study was undertaken to evaluate the physical activity (PA) levels of rural and urban seniors (60+) in Poland. The study was conducted on 274 seniors (60+, 146 urban dwellers, 128 rural dwellers). An interview questionnaire was used to collect data. The results were analyzed statistically using descriptive statistics, and a significance test was applied to determine differences between the two subpopulations (α = 0.05). Urban seniors had significantly (p = 0.0007) higher PA levels than rural seniors. The majority of physically active seniors did not meet the World Health Organization’s recommendations on physical activity. In both groups, the most popular type of PA was walking. A large percentage of the rural population preferred dancing, whereas cycling was more popular among urban respondents (for both p = 0.0001). The majority of urban and rural respondents evaluated their physical fitness (PF) levels as high (63.70% and 54.68%, respectively), and 7.66% declared to have very high PF levels. Efforts should be made to increase the PA levels among seniors, in particular in rural areas where the operations of welfare organizations should be expanded to include education and promotion of physical culture.
Background. In Polish cities, many organizations help senior citizens (60+), and many targeted programs support their healthcare. Rural areas, in contrast, have been very much neglected. The main goal of this study was to obtain data on selected health-related behaviors of seniors living in urban and rural areas. We compared exercise, eating habits, smoking and alcohol consumption. Material and methods. The study was conducted in Poland among people aged 60 and above living in remote rural areas (n=128) and the city (n=146). Interviews were used to conduct surveys and collect lifestyle data. The differences between urban and rural seniors were determined in a significance test of two structure coefficients at a significance level of α=0.05. Results. Some major differences between the two groups were observed: 23.35% of the rural and 15.75% of the city seniors did not exercise (p=0.0008); rural seniors smoked more (16.40%) than city seniors (7.53%; p=0.0225) and drank more units of alcohol at one time and tended to consume more animal protein. Conclusions. The findings suggest that social policies and local programs aimed at improving quality aging should take into account local differences between rural and urban senior communities and tailor actions accordingly. Rural seniors need more interest and support from both government institutions and social organizations.
The aim of this study was to determine the impact of sex on the content of β-carotene, lutein, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and total carotenoids in the skin, muscles, and livers of whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus lavaretus (L.)). Fish samples for assays were collected from Lake Łebsko. There is a whitefish conservation program in Lake Łebsko. The results show that males are more carotenoid rich in comparison to females. The total carotenoids ranged from 0.39 μg g⁻¹ wet weight (ww) (skin of females) to 1.55 μg g⁻¹ ww (livers of males). The highest carotenoid levels were in whitefish fivers (1.36 - 1.55 μg g⁻¹ ww), and the lowest were in its skin (0.39 - 0.41 μg g⁻¹ ww). Astaxanthin was the dominant carotenoid in whitefish muscles and fivers. The highest levels of β-carotene were recorded in the skin of both whitefish males and females.
The age structure and growth rate of a native population of whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus lavaretus L., were analyzed on the basis of 66 specimens. The fishes were caught in autumn-winter 2000-2001 in Łebsko Lake. Fecundity estimates were calculated from a sample of 43 female ovaries. The age of the studied whitefish ranged from 2+ to 9+. Specimens aged 2+ predominated. In the first year of life the whitefish reached a body length (longitudo corporis - l.c.) of 12.2 (± 2.9) cm and a weight of 255 (± 150.1) g. In subsequent years these figures were as follows: second year - 30.8 (± 5.9) cm and 775 (± 287.9) g; fifth year - 27.3 (± 4.7) cm and 2581 (± 315.8) g; ninth year - 53.9 cm and 3878 (± 124.2) g. Average fecundity ranged from 46.8 (± 6.3) to 154.4 (± 13.4) thousands eggs in segregated size classes.
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