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The study assessed the influence of sugar concentration (10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100, 120 g l⁻¹) on growth and ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax quinquefolium hairy roots cultivated in shake flasks and a nutrient sprinkle bioreactor. The highest growth rate was achieved in medium containing 3–5 % sucrose. More than 70 g l⁻¹ or less than 20 g l⁻¹ sugar content in the medium induces significant inhibition of root growth when cultivated in shake flasks. The saponin content was determined using HPLC. The maximum yield (above 9 mg g⁻¹ d.w.) of the sum of six examined ginsenosides (Rb₁, Rb₂, Rc, Rd, Re and Rg₁) in hairy roots cultivated in shake flasks was obtained with 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose in the medium. The sucrose concentration in the medium was found to correlate with saponin content in bioreactor-cultured specimens. A higher level of protopanaxadiol derivatives was found for lower (20 and 30 g l⁻¹) sucrose concentrations; higher sucrose concentrations (50 and 70 g l⁻¹) in the medium stimulated a higher level of Rg group saponins.
The promoter, 5' UTR, and 34-nt 5' fragments of protein encoding region of the Salvia miltiorrhiza copalyl diphosphate synthase gene were cloned and characterized. No tandem repeats, miRNA binding sites, or CpNpG islands were observed in the promoter, 5' UTR, or protein encoding fragments. The entire isolated promoter and 5' UTR is 2235 bp long and contains repetitions of many cis-active elements, recognized by homologous transcription factors, found in Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species. A pyrimidine-rich fragment with only 6 non-pyrimidine bases was localized in the 33-nt stretch from nt 2185 to 2217 in the 5' UTR. The observed cis-active sequences are potential binding sites for trans-factors that could regulate spatio-temporal CPS gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Obtained results are initially verified by in silico and co-expression studies based on A. thaliana microarray data.
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for many types of infections related to biofilm presence. As the early diagnostics remains the best option for prevention of biofilm infections, the aim of the work presented was to search for differences in metabolite patterns of S. aureus ATCC6538 biofilm vs. free-swimming S. aureus planktonic forms. For this purpose, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied. Data obtained were supported by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy, quantitative cultures and X-ray computed microtomography. Metabolic trends accompanying S. aureus biofilm formation were found using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Levels of isoleucine, alanine and 2,3-butanediol were significantly higher in biofilm than in planktonic forms, whereas level of osmoprotectant glycine-betaine was significantly higher in planktonic forms of S. aureus. Results obtained may find future application in clinical diagnostics of S. aureus biofilm-related infections.
Biofilms formed by nosocomial pathogens represent a major threat to patients undergoing invasive procedures. As prophylaxis remains the most efficient anti-biofilm option, it is of paramount importance to develop diagnostic tools able to detect biofilm at the early stage of formation. The present study investigates the ability of impedance microsensors to detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm presence using the impedance spectroscopy method. The measured data were analyzed using Electrical Equivalent Circuit modelling (EEC). It allowed to recognize conduction and polarization phenomena on the sensors surface and in its environment. The impedance assay results, confirmed by means of electron microscopy and quantitative cultures, indicate that specific EEC parameters may be used for monitoring the development of pseudomonal biofilm.
One dimensional patterns of proteins from homogenates and four cellular fractions i. e., nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytosolic from normal and leukemic lymphocytes were compared. Results obtained revealed that the neoplastic transformation of normal lymphocytes into CLL and ALL ones is associated with the expression of some novel proteins. Electrophoretically-specific nuclear protein of B-CLL lymphocytes with mol. wt of 38/39 kDa was used as immunogen to produce rabbit antiserum. It was observed that obtained antiserum crossreacted with 38/39 kDa antigen of nuclear fractions from CLL and ALL lymphocytes (15 of 16 studied), but not with any of normal ones. It was shown, by Western blot technique, that the expression of 38/39 kDa antigen is correlated with progression of B-CLL disease.
Electrophoretically specific nuclear proteins of human colon adenocarcinoma with mol. wt of 35-40 kDa were used as immunogen to produce rabbit antiserum. Expression of cancer-specific antigens was investigated by Western blot technique among nuclear proteins from normal and cancerous mucosa. Obtained antiserum crossreacted mainly with 36 kDa polypeptide in 23 of 26 (88,5%) colorectal tumor nuclear fractions but not with any of normal ones. It was also observed that this antiserum recognized 36 kDa antigen in 10 of 12 and 6 of 7 nuclear fractions from other cancers, ie. gastric and lung, respectively. In part of studied tumors antiserum crossreacted also with the antigens of 38 and 32-33 kDa. Expression of 36 and 32-33 kDa components seems to be correlated with colorectal cancer progression from A to B stage of disease according to the classification of Dukes. Immunoblot analysis revealed that cancer-specific 36 kDa polypeptide, mainly associated with nuclear compartment, can be also detected within 10P and 100P fractions of colorectal tumors.
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