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A laboratory experiment has been performed to determine the effect of soil pollution with the herbicides: Harpun 500 SC, Faworyt 300 SL, Akord 180 OF and Mocarz 75 WG on the course of ammonification. The soil material for the experiment consisted of loamy sand of pH 6.5. The experiment comprised five replications. Soil samples in particular objects were polluted with the herbicides at rates corresponding to the dose recommended by the manufacturer: 0 – control, 1 – a dose recommended by the producer, and the rates 50-, 100-, 150- and 200-fold higher than the recommended dose. Next, nitrogen was introduced to soil in the form of L-aspartic acid, DL-alanine, L-arginine and urea in the amounts of 0 and 300 mg N kg-1 soil. Having been thoroughly mixed with the additional substances, the soil was brought to moisture equal 60% capillary water capacity and incubated for 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours at 25oC. The study has demonstrated that the course of ammonification depended on the type and rate of a herbicide added to soil, type of an organic compound undergoing ammonification and duration of the trial. L-arginine was ammonified most rapidly, while ammonification of L-aspartic acid lasted the longest. Among the tested herbicides, the strongest inhibitory effect on ammonification process was produced by Mocarz 75 WG, which continued to exert negative influence on mineralisation of organic substances for 36 hours. The other preparations did not have such a considerable effect on the quantities of ammonified nitrogen.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the Aurora 40 WG herbicide on soil microbial counts, soil enzymatic activity and spring barley yield. Soil samples with the granulometric composition of loamy sand and sandy clay loam with pHKCl 7.0 were used. The herbicide was applied at the optimal dose (recommended by the manufacturer) and at doses 2-, 4- and 40-fold higher than the recommended dose. Samples of uncontaminated soil served as control. In selected treatments, soil was mixed with basalt meal and finely ground spring barley straw (5 g kg⁻¹). On day 25 and 50 of the experiment, soil samples were analyzed to determine the counts of organotrophic bacteria, bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, Actinobacteria and fungi, and the activity levels of the following enzymes: ß-glucosidase, arylsulphatase and catalase. The yield of spring barley dry matter was determined on the last day of the experiment. It was found that soil contamination with the Aurora 40 WG herbicide led to an increase in the counts of organotrophic bacteria and fungi, and to a decrease in Azotobacter abundance. Arylsulphatase was most sensitive to increased contamination with the tested herbicide – its activity levels were lower in contaminated soil than in the control treatment. In most treatments. Aurora 40 WG applied in overdose stimulated the activity of ß-glucosidase, whereas catalase exhibited the weakest response to the herbicide. When applied at the highest dose (40-fold higher than the optimal dose) Aurora 40 WG modified also spring barley yield.
W doświadczeniu wazonowym (3 kg gleby w wazonie) określono wpływ zanieczyszczenia gleby (piasek gliniasty) herbicydem Harpun 500 SC na aktywność enzymów glebowych. Harpun 500 SC stosowano w następujących dawkach: 0 - kontrola, 1 - dawka zalecana przez producenta oraz dawki większe od zalecanej: 10, 50, 100, 150 i 200-krotnie. W celu złagodzenia ewentualnego inhibicyjnego wpływu herbicydu na enzymy, doświadczenie prowadzono w dwóch seriach: I - bez dodatku bentonitu i II - z bentonitem w ilości 60 g∙kg-1 s.m. gleby. W wyniku badań stwierdzono, że zanieczyszczenie gleby przyczyniło się do zmian w aktywności enzymatycznej. Harpun 500 SC wykazywał inhibicyjny wpływ na aktywność katalazy, ureazy, fosfatazy kwaśnej, fosfatazy alkalicznej i arylosulfatazy. Pogarszał właściwości fizyko-chemiczne gleby i zmniejszał plon jęczmienia jarego. Negatywne oddziaływanie na katalazę, ureazę i arylosulfatazę częściowo łagodził dodany do gleby bentonit.
The aim of study was to evaluate the sensitivity of selected microbial groups cultured on solidmedia and soil-dwelling microorganisms to metazachlor (Fuego 500 SC), a mixture of diflufenican+ mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium (Alister Grande 190 OD), and a mixture of terbuthylazine + mesotrione + s-metolachlor (Lumax 537.5 SE). The tested microorganisms were: Azotobacterspp.,Arthrobacterspp.,Bradyrhizobiumspp. (lupini),Rhizobium leguminosa rumbv. viciae, Streptomyces intermedius, Streptomyces viridis, Streptomyces longisporoflavus, Streptomycesodorifer, Fusariumspp., Aspergillusspp., Penicillumspp., Rhizopusspp. The results indicate that fungi were more sensitive to herbicides than bacteria and actinomycetes. The tested microbes were most resistant to increased doses of the mixture of diflufenican + mesosulfuron-methyl + iodosul-furon-methyl-sodium. Predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) calculated on day 160 indicate that increased doses of metazachlor posed the greatest threat for soil-dwelling microorganisms. The applied doses of metazachlor resulted in the highest PEC values, which points to a high risk of soilcontamination with this weed control agent
The effect of the herbicide Harpun 500 SC on the counts of soil microbes was determined in a laboratory experiment conducted at 25°C and 60% capillary water capacity of soil. The herbicide was applied at the following doses (mm3 • kg-1 d.m. of soil): 0, 0.83 (optimal), 41.5, 83, 124.5 and 166. The counts of soil microbes were determined on day 28, 56, 84 and 112. It was found that the herbicide did not disturb the microbiological equilibrium of soil when applied at the recommended dose, i.e. 0.83 mm3 • kg-1 d.m. of soil. Higher doses altered only faintly the counts of the tested soil microorganisms.
Środki ochrony roślin należą do substancji toksycznych, które ze względu na powszechność stosowania występują we wszystkich ekosystemach środowiska. Występowanie biocydów w glebie jest związane z nieprawidłową działalnością człowieka. Obecność tych ksenobiotyków w glebie jest niebezpieczna dla zasiedlających ją organizmów, głównie mikroorganizmów glebowych. Długotrwałe zaleganie biocydów w glebie oraz ich kumulacja są często przyczyną zmian aktywności mikrobiologicznej gleby, najczęściej w składzie ilościowym mikroflory glebowej i aktywności enzymatycznej. Liczebność drobnoustrojów glebowych i aktywność enzymatyczna należą do wskaźników umożliwiających ocenę zmian zachodzących w zanieczyszczonej glebie oraz zdolności do biodegradacji zanieczyszczeń.
A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of contamination with the herbicide Faworyt 300 SL on the physicochemical properties of soil and microbial counts. Over the ex­perimental period capillary water capacity of soil remained at a constant level of 60%. Varia­ble factors were: herbicide dose (mm3 kg-1 of soil: 0, 0.12 — optimal, 1.20, 6, 12, 18 and 24), bentonite dose (0 and 2% in relation to soil dry matter) and time of analysis (day 25 and 50). The tested crop was spring rape, cv. Sponsor. Soil samples were taken on day 25 of the ex­periment and at the completion of the experimental period in order to determine the counts of particular microbial groups. Soil contamination with the herbicide Faworyt 300 SL contrib­uted to disturbing the biological equilibrium of soil as well as to changes in its physicochemical properties. The counts of soil microorganisms were related to the degree of contamination.
Two laboratory experiments were performed to determine the susceptibility of microorganisms to excessive amounts of zinc diffusing into artificial culture media. The effect of zinc on the growth of pure bacterial cultures in liquid media was determined in experiment 1, while the diameters of microbial growth inhibition zones in solid media were measured in experiment 2. Zinc was introduced into the media in the form of ZnCl2 and ZnS04 7H20 at the following doses: in mg Zn2+ dm-3 of medium: 0, 5, 100, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 (experiment 1), in µg Zn+2 disk-1 : 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600 (experiment 2). It was found that this metal had a strongly toxic effect on all bacterial species analyzed in liquid media.
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Crop protection chemicals are chemical compounds of high biological activity and are used on a large scale in agriculture. Their influence on crop planning and storage quality is mostly positive. Crop protection chemicals, on the other hand, may cause environmental pollution. Due to errors in agronomic practice, such chemicals may occur in various ecosystems, causing threat to people, animals and plants. Adverse effects of these products are attributed to their inappropriate use, decomposition time and the ability to accumulate in the environment. Their long-lasting presence has a negative effect on living organisms, including humans. Biocides enter the human body mainly through the digestive tract, causing life-threatening disorders, which, in some extreme cases, may be fatal.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the nitrification rate in soil polluted with zinc. The experimental protocol was as follows: soil (sandy loam) collected from the 0-20 cm layer of a cropped field was passed through a 2 mm mesh sieve, placed in 150 cm 3 glass beakers, 100 g of soil in each, and polluted with the following doses of Zn 2+ per 1 kg d.m. of soil: 0, 300, 600, 1 200 and 2 400. Zinc was applied in the form of ZnCl 2 aqueous solution. Afterwards, ammonia nitrogen as (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 was added to the soil material in two doses: 0 and 240 mg N kg -1 d.m. Once zinc chloride and ammonium sulphate had been thoroughly mixed with the soil, water was added until the soil moisture content reached 50% of capillary water holding capacity and then the beakers were placed in a laboratory incubator at 25 o C. After 10, 20, 30 and 40 days, the incubated soil was tested to determine the content of N-NH 4 and N-NH 3 . Additionally, after 10 and 40 days of incubation, the most probable counts of nitrifying bacteria involved in the first and second step of the nitrification process were determined. The experiment was run with three replicates for each day. Two determinations of each parameter were performed in the soil samples placed in beakers. In total, 6 results were obtained for each experimental variant. Based on the determinations, the amounts of nitrified and immobilized nitrogen were calculated and the resistance (RS) and resilience (RL) of the nitrification process and nitrifying bacteria to the contamination of soil with zinc were expressed. It has been experimentally demonstrated that excess zinc in soil significantly disturbs the nitrification rate. As little as 300 mg Zn 2+ kg -1 d.m. of soil significantly inhibits nitrification. Zinc contamination interferes with nitrification and other metabolic process which affect soil nitrogen, which is confirmed by depressed nitrogen immobilization at higher rates of soil contamination with this element. The adverse effect of zinc on nitrification is primarily due to the negative impact of this element in the soil environment on nitrifying bacteria. Zinc more strongly inhibits the first than the second step nitrification bacteria, but ammonia-oxidizing bacteria recover more quickly than nitrate forms. The RS parameters for the nitrification process towards zinc pollution were on a low level and tended to decrease as the degree of zinc contamination rose. The resistance of nitrifying bacteria to zinc decreased parallel to the increasing amounts of zinc in soil.
This paper describes the response of fungi as well as β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase to soil contamination with the herbicides Alister Grande 190 OD, Fuego 500 SC, and Lumax 537.5 SE in the following doses: 1 – recommended dose, and doses 20-, 40-, 80-, and 160-fold higher than the recommended one. A laboratory experiment in three replicates was conducted on sandy loam of the pHKCl – 7.0. The results have indicated that counts of fungi increased under the influence of excessive quantities of the tested herbicides. Irrespective of herbicide type, EP decreased while CD increased at higher contamination doses. With respect to the enzymes, the herbicides were observed to have exerted a negative effect on the activity of arylsulfatase, which was verified by the negative correlation coefficients. However, the activity of β-glucosidase increased after the soil had been enriched with excessive amounts of the herbicides. The RS index for the activity of the enzymes varied, but reached the highest value in soil with Alister Grande 190 OD for both β-glucosidase (0.953) and arylsulfatase (0.567). The contamination of soil with the herbicides caused lasting changes in sandy loam, but the recovery of the enzyme β-glucosidase was faster (the average RL ranged from 0.458 to 0.889). The index of resilience for arylsulfatase was negative, which proves that the adverse effect of all the herbicides on this enzyme was growing.
W pracy określono reakcję drobnoustrojów na zanieczyszczenie cynkiem. Badania modelowe wykonano w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Przedmiotem badań była glina piaszczysta o pHKC1 - 7,0. W doświadczeniu czynnikami zmiennymi były: 1) stopień zanieczyszczenia gleby cynkiem w mg Zn²⁺·kg⁻¹: 0, 300, 600, 1200, 2400; 2) czas inkubacji gleby: 15, 30, 60, 120 dni. Doświadczenie prowadzono w 3 powtórzeniach, w zlewkach o pojemności 150 cm³, w których umieszczono po 100 g gleby. Glebę w zlewkach wymieszano z odpowiednią dawką chlorku cynku. W odpowiednich terminach w glebie, z każdego powtórzenia, oznaczono liczebność: bakterii oligotroficznych, bakterii oligotroficznych przetrwalnikujących, bakterii organotroficznych, Azotobacter spp., promieniowców i grzybów. W 15. i 120. dniu trwania doświadczenia obliczono indeks rozwoju kolonii drobnoustrojów (CD) oraz współczynnik ekofizjologicznej ich różnorodności (EP). Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że liczebność bakterii oligotroficznych ogółem, bakterii oligotroficznych przetrwalnikujących, bakterii organotroficznych i promieniowców zmniejszała się pod wpływem dawek cynku większych od 300 mg Zn²⁺·kg⁻¹, natomiast liczebność grzybów zwiększała się niezależnie od stopnia zanieczyszczenia cynkiem. Wartość wskaźnika CD grzybów zwiększała się wraz ze zwiększeniem stanu zanieczyszczenia gleb, a wskaźnika EP - zmniejszała. Zwiększenie współczynnika CD dochodziło do 24%, a zmniejszenie indeksu EP do 31%. W przypadku bakterii organotroficznych i promieniowców wartości CD i EP kształtowały się na stosunkowo stałym poziomie, w niewielkim stopniu zależnym od zanieczyszczenia gleby cynkiem.
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The sensitivity of soil enzymes to soil contamination with zinc was analyzed. A laboratory experiment was performed on sandy loam at pH 7.0, sampled from arable land at a depth of 0 to 20 cm. Soil samples were passed through a sieve with 2 mm mesh size and contaminated with the following zinc doses: 0, 300, 600, 1200 and 2400 mg Zn2+ kg-1 soil. Zinc was applied in the form of aqueous solution of ZnCl2. Soil was mixed thoroughly with zinc, and its moisture content was brought to 50% capillary water capacity. The samples were incubated at 25°C. Beakers with soil samples were weighed once a week to replenish evaporated water. The activity of soil enzymes: dehydrogenases, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, catalase, arylsulfatase and b-glucosidase, was determined after 15, 30, 60 and 120 days of the experiment. The results were used to calculate soil resistance (RS), ED20 and ED50 values. The results of the study indicate that soil enzymes are characterized by varied sensitivity to excessive zinc concentrations, and that the RS index is a reliable measure of enzymatic responses to zinc pollution. The analyzed enzymes were classified in the following decreasing order in terms of their resistance to zinc: b-glucosidase> acid phosphatase > urease >arylsulfatase = alkaline phosphatase> catalase > dehydrogenases. Zinc continued to exert a negative effect on soil enzymes throughout the experiment (120 days). ED20 values for the analyzed enzymes in mg Zn2+ kg-1 DM soil were determined at: 103 for dehydrogenases, 184 for alkaline phosphatase, 233 for urease, 247 for arylsulfatase, 416 for acid phosphatase, 419 for catalase and 1373 for b-glucosidase.
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