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The aim of this study was to assess the impact of asymptomatic infections of mink with Aleutian mink disease virus (AMD on reproductive performance and the morphology of the internal organs. The study drew its subjects from two farms where the disease was endemic and included 450 clinically healthy female mink divided into three equal groups: two AMD positive groups and one AMD negative control group. The mink were subjected to clinical observations throughout the period of reproduction, and then for the first seven weeks after birth. Data collected during this period were evaluated using selected breeding and reproductive indices. All reproductive indices including conception rate, litter size, and litter weight at birth as well as neonatal mortality were substantially poorer. Histopathological examination revealed changes typical for AMD, particularly in the spleen, kidneys, liver, and lymph nodes. The results highlighted and proved the frequently underestimated extent of economic losses on farms where AMD is endemic yet the mink stock is apparently healthy.
Application of real-time PCR using Taqman probe was tested for jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) detection. Sensitivity of real-time PCR and hemi-nested PCR methods was compared using plasmid DNA. The methods, along with RT PCR and real-time RT PCR, were tested for the possibility of JSRV genome (LTR region) detection in biological material from experimentally and naturally infected sheep. The experimental group of eight animals was used, including five lambs infected with JSRV by intratracheal inoculation at the age of 2 weeks. The samples collected from the animals ante-mortem included blood and respiratory tract fluid. Lung tissue, mediastinal lymph nodes, spleen, and liver were collected post-mortem. The field studies included blood samples collected from sheep from Polish flocks and lung samples obtained from slaughterhouse. In addition, DNA samples isolated from blood of sheep from the abroad located flocks with history of ovine pulmonary adenomatosis (OPA) were also included. Lung samples were examined histologically for the presence of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. The sensitivity of PCR, hemi-nested PCR, and real-time PCR using Taqman probe was evaluated as 10³, 10², and 10² viral copies, respectively. Both viral RNA and DNA were detected in the lung fluid taken from JSRV infected sheep showing clinical sings of OPA and in all neoplastic tissues. Proviral DNA was found in mediastinal lymph node of one experimental sheep. Five of the 66 DNA samples from the abroad located farms were positive for the presence of JSRV LTR. All blood and lung samples collected from Polish sheep were negative for the presence of JSRV LTR. The characteristic adenocarcinoma lesions were found in all lung sections of experimentally infected sheep. Implementation of the real-time PCR method is a good alternative to traditional PCR and hnPCR in JSRV detection and, apart from histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations, may be used as a confirmatory test in clinically suspected cases, or as a screening method in control or eradication scheme.
The aim of this study was to characterise the genetic variability of the Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) circulating among mink farmed in Poland and to compare Polish isolates with AMDV variants available in the GenBank database. For this purpose PCR amplification and analysis of the 429 bp DNA fragment of the AMDV NS1 gene from 13 randomly selected AMDV infected mink was performed. A comparison showed that all tested amplicons were closely related to the sequence of the NS1 gene of AMDV and showed high (94%-97%) homology to virus variants from American mink (Neovison vison) isolated in Canada in 2007-2008. Eleven samples showing a high percentage (95%-97%) of sequence similarity together with three similar isolates originating from Canada formed one clade (monophyletic group). Two variants showing a lower percentage (about 94%- 95%) of sequence similarity to isolates from Canada formed a separate clade. Polish viruses can be subdivided into two main groups with a putative ancestor common to both Polish and three Canadian isolates. This result confirms the literature data indicating the occurrence of American mink in Eastern Europe (including Poland) from the 1950s when the animals were imported for breeding purposes. In conclusion, we provide for the first time a report on the genetic characteristics of the AMDV vanants circulating in the Polish population of farmed mink and their relationship with previously known AMDV variants isolated and described abroad.
The aim of this study was the patomorphological evaluation and classification of canine skin tumors, as well as their analysis according to location, age, sex and breed. Two hundred fifty canine skin tumors were examined. Mixed breed, German Shepards and Boxers were the most predisposed to developing skin tumors. A significant age predilection was observed in dogs below the first year of their life and in ten-year-old dogs, while the most common sites of the body for neoplasia development were the legs, head and pelvis. The most prevalent skin tumor origin was mesenchymal with 52%, while tumors of epithelial origin were 43.6%, and of melanocytic origin 4.4% of all tumors. The most frequent groups of skin neoplasms were tumors with adnexal differentiation (34.8%), histiocytomas (15.6%) and mast cell tumors (15.2%).The aim of this study was the patomorphological evaluation and classification of canine skin tumors, as well as their analysis according to location, age, sex and breed. Two hundred fifty canine skin tumors were examined. Mixed breed, German Shepards and Boxers were the most predisposed to developing skin tumors. A significant age predilection was observed in dogs below the first year of their life and in ten-year-old dogs, while the most common sites of the body for neoplasia development were the legs, head and pelvis. The most prevalent skin tumor origin was mesenchymal with 52%, while tumors of epithelial origin were 43.6%, and of melanocytic origin 4.4% of all tumors. The most frequent groups of skin neoplasms were tumors with adnexal differentiation (34.8%), histiocytomas (15.6%) and mast cell tumors (15.2%).
Co-infection is an infection of more than one pathogen. In an aquatic environment, the most common occurrence is the appearance of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in the presence of other viruses such as infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV), or salmonid alphavirus (SAV). In most cases, the IPN virus reduces the proliferation of other viruses in cell cultures or in the internal organs of salmonids; for example, in IHNV or ISAV co-infections. However, it also happens that there is no significant effect on the multiplication of the virus with which it coexists, e.g. IPNV-VHSV. A body’s defense mechanisms, interferon and other interferon-like factors or mutations in the genome play an important role in co-infection.
Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a transmissible lung cancer of sheep caused by jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). In the present study the protein profiles of five neoplastic and three non-neoplastic sheep lung tissues were examined for the identification of proteins overexpressed in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Lung sections of the experimental group of sheep were collected during necropsies for proteomic and immunohistochemical examination. Two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) was performed using gel strips with immobilized pH gradient 3-10. As a result of 2DE gel analysis 14 spots characterized by over 2-fold higher expression in tumour proteomes were selected for mass spectrometry. In eleven spots more than one polypeptide was identified indicating overlapping of proteins in gels. In two spots demonstrating over 3-fold higher expression in OPA proteomes, single proteins: cytokerarin 19 (CK19) and aldolase A were identified. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that CK19 and aldolase A were expressed in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells of bronchioles in non-neoplastic lung sections, as well as epithelial cells of bronchioles and neoplastic cells in lung sections of OPA affected sheep. The results indicate that the overexpression of the two proteins reflects the presence of neoplastic cells in the lungs of OPA affected sheep.
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