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Zaprezentowano systemy ubezpieczeń od ryzyka działalności gospodarczej w rolnictwie w wybranych krajach, zwłaszcza w rozwiniętych krajach Unii Europejskiej. Działalność rolnicza należy do najbardziej narażonych na klęski i katastrofy spowodowane działaniem sił natury. W różnych krajach funkcjonują odmienne systemy ubezpieczeń w rolnictwie, a zbliżające się rozszerzenie Unii Europejskiej może przyspieszyć prace nad koncepcją jednolitego systemu ubezpieczeniowego. System ten mógłby się opierać na założeniach i rozwiązaniach stosowanych już od wielu lat w niektórych krajach, takich jak: Stany Zjednoczone, Hiszpania, czy Francja.
Badano zdolność naturalnego wiązania jonów Mg2+ przez szczep drożdży paszowych Candida utilis (syn. Pichia jadinii) ATTC 9950. Hodowle drożdży prowadzono metodą wgłębną na podłożu YPD wzbogaconym w sole magnezu MgS04*7H20 lub MgCl2-6H20. Sole dodawano w takiej ilości, aby udział czystego pierwiastka w podłożu wynosił 0,25 g/dm3, 0,50 g/dm3 lub 1,25 g/dm3. Podłoże YPD wzbogacano w jony Mg2+ na początku hodowli lub pod koniec fazy logarytmicznego wzrostu drożdży. Dodatek magnezu w postaci MgCl2-6H20 sprzyjał wiązaniu tego pierwiastka z podłoża YPD przez drożdże paszowe, natomiast podany w postaci soli MgS04-7H20 pozwalał uzyskać wyższe plony biomasy komórkowej niż z podłoży YPD wzbogaconych w sól chlorkową. Najwięcej magnezu trwale związanego z biomasą komórkową (9,09 mg Mg2+/g s.s.) otrzymano po 48-godzinnej hodowli z dodatkiem soli chlorkowej w ilości l,25g Mg2+/dm3, wprowadzonej do podłoża pod koniec logarytmicznej fazy wzrostu.
Orexin A and B are hypothalamic peptides involved in the control of food intake, sleep patterns, autonomic and neuroendocrine systems. The biological actions of orexins are mediated via two G-protein coupled receptors, termed orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) and orexin receptor 2 (OX2R). The present study analyzed mRNA and protein expressions of OX1R and OX2R in porcine hypothalamic structures engaged in GnRH production and secretion, preoptic area (POA), mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), and stalk median eminence (SME) on days 2-3, 10-12, 14-16, and 17-19 of the oestrous cycle. The highest OX1R gene expression in POA was observed on days 17-19 of the cycle. Changes in the mRNA expression in MBH and SME throughout the cycle were negligible. The expression peak of OX2R gene in POA and SME occurred on days 17-19 as well. There were no changes in the gene expression in MBH. OX1R protein content in POA and SME also was the greatest on days 17-19 and OX2R protein expression was most pronounced in MBH and SME during the same phase of the cycle. In conclusion, fluctuation of OX1R and OX2R mRNAs and proteins content in pig hypothalamus dependently on the phase of the oestrous cycle suggests that orexins, through the influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, may affect reproductive functions.
Granulosa cells were isolated from large (≥8 mm) follicles and incubated for 24 h without or with LH (100 ng/mL), daidzein, genistein or equol in doses of 0.5, 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL each or combination (3:13:39) of these isoflavones at a dose 50 µg/ml. The concentration of oestradiol-17ß in incubation media was measured by RIA. All the isoflavones at used doses decreased significantly basal and LH-stimulated secretion of oestradiol-17ß by granulosa cells in a dose dependent manner. The combination of these isoflavones also inhibited significantly oestradiol-17ß secretion by the cells. These data suggested that decreased secretion of oestradiol-17ß caused by dietary isoflavones could be a reason of silent heat in cows.
Leptin is a polypeptide hormone produced predominantly in adipocytes. It has been found to be implicated in the regulation of satiety and energy homeostasis. A role for leptin in reproduction was later suggested by findings that this hormone may be involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-gonadal axis via endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways. The objective of the study was to investigate the ontogeny of the long isoform of leptin receptor (OB-Rb) gene in porcine ovarian follicles. The expression of OB-Rb gene was detected in porcine primordial, primary, secondary and antral follicles by in situ hybridization. In summary, our data suggest that leptin might have a direct effect on porcine follicles and plays an important role in the follicular development.
Leptin is a multifunctional regulator in numerous tissues, including the pituitary. It is not known, whether the porcine pituitary is a source of leptin synthesis and possesses the leptin receptor protein. It is also unknown, if a relationship exists between expression levels of these proteins in the pituitary and physiological status of sows. Therefore, the aim of the study was 1] to examine, by Western-blotting analysis, the expression levels of leptin and the long form of leptin receptor (OB-Rb) in the porcine anterior (AP) and posterior (NP) pituitary gland during mid- and late-luteal phases of the oestrous cycle (days 10 - 12 and 14 - 16) as well as during two stages of early pregnancy (days 14 - 16 and 30 - 32); and 2] to localise, using in situ hybridisation method (ISH), the expression of leptin and OB-Rb genes in the pituitary gland in the above mentioned stages of the cycle and pregnancy. Western-blotting analysis showed that leptin protein expression in AP was higher in the late-luteal phase than in the mid-luteal phase, while OB-Rb protein expression in both lobes was higher in the mid-luteal phase. In turn, during pregnancy leptin protein content in AP and OB-Rb protein content in NP were more pronounced on days 14 - 16 than on days 30 - 32. Comparison of leptin and OB-Rb protein expression levels in AP between the mid-luteal phase and two periods of pregnancy showed, respectively, stimulation of leptin protein and inhibition of OB-Rb protein expressions during both examined stages of pregnancy. Taking AP from late-luteal phase as the point of reference, it was revealed stimulation of leptin expression during earlier period of pregnancy, whereas on days 30 - 32 of pregnancy both the hormone and its receptor expressions were diminished. In turn, comparison of leptin and OB-Rb protein expression levels in NP between the late-luteal phase and days 14 - 16 or 30 - 32 of pregnancy showed inhibition of leptin protein expression and stimulation of OB-Rb protein expression during pregnancy. Moreover, ISH studies localised leptin and OB-Rb mRNAs expression in the cells of AP as well as NP tissue during the two stages of the cycle and pregnancy. In conclusion, our findings suggest that leptin is produced within the pituitary in the pig and may participate in auto/paracrine manner in the regulation of this gland function during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy.
Leptin is a 16-kDa protein hormone encoded by the obese (ob) gene and acts on receptors in the hypothalamus to regulate food intake and energy balance. The identification of leptin and its receptor mRNAs and proteins in human and mouse endometrium and placental trophoblast has attracted attention to the potential role of leptin in implantation. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the expression levels of porcine leptin mRNA and protein in endometrium and myometrium during mid- and late-luteal phases of the oestrous cycle (days 10 - 12 and 14 - 16) as well as during two stages of pregnancy respondent to the beginning (days 14 - 16) and the end (days 30 - 32) of the implantation process, and in trophoblast during both periods of pregnancy. Leptin gene and protein expression in myometrium, and leptin mRNA expression in endometrium was more pronounced in the mid- and late-luteal phases of the cycle in comparison to studied periods of pregnancy, whereas leptin protein concentration in endometrium was either enhanced on days 30 - 32 of pregnancy in relation to days 14 - 16 of the cycle or there were no changes between pregnancy and luteal phase of the cycle. On days 30 - 32 of pregnancy, expression of the leptin gene in the endometrium, and of the leptin gene and protein in the myometrium was more pronounced in comparison to the earlier stage of pregnancy. Moreover, leptin gene expression in porcine trophoblast increased during the beginning of the implantation process compared to days 30 - 32 of pregnancy, while the protein concentration decreased on days 14 - 16 of pregnancy. In conclusion, the finding of leptin gene and protein expression in porcine endometrium, myometrium and trophoblast indicates that locally synthesised leptin can participate in the control of pig reproduction. The fluctuation of the hormone concentration during pregnancy and changes in its level between pregnancy and the oestrous cycle may indicate leptin's involvement in the implantation process.
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