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The influence of age and gender on the latency of eye movement in healthy humans

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Standard measures of sleep recordings give differing results depending on the gender and they constantly change with age. Sleep latency increases, delta sleep decreases, and sleep tend to be shorter in duration and fragmented in middle-aged and elderly adults. The deterioration of sleep is observed earlier in men. In the 1980s, new measures called the Latency of Eye Movement (LEM) and the Mean Latency of Eye Movement (M-LEM) were proposed. Previous studies have shown that untreated patients with endogenous depression had the LEM and M-LEM shortened and that both indices get prolonged during treatment with antidepressants. On the other side, alcoholics in the abstinence period have LEM and M-LEM twice as long as healthy controls. In this study we set out to compare LEM and M-LEM in healthy humans according to the gender and age. The subjects of the study were 80 healthy volunteers: 40 males and 40 females, who were divided into 4 groups: females and males, below and above 40 years of age. In contrast to standard measures, our study did not reveal any significant changes of LEM or M-LEM due to the gender or age.
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Cortical activity during hypoxic hyperventilation

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This study seeks to determine the pattern of electroencephalogram changes during stimulatory ventilatory responses to acute progressive hypoxia. Electroencephalograms were recorded in the 10-20 electrode system during progressive poikilocapnic hypoxic tests based on the rebreathing routine. Healthy subjects were used for he study. A major finding was that hypoxia decreased the power spectra of the alpha activity. The decrease was surprisingly rapid and greater at mild hypoxic desaturation when pulmonary ventilation was about to pick up than during the maximum hypoxic hyperventilation. The possible relation of hypoxic decline in brain bioactivity to the manifestation of hypoxic hyperventilation remains to be elucidated in further studies.
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Wavelet mapping of sleep spindles in young patients with epilepsy

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Using the wavelet mapping of sleep spindles we investigated influence of focal epilepsy on spindle generation. We found that the maximum of sleep spindle intensity is usually localized away from the epileptic focus. We discuss the possibility of the application of wavelet mapping for localization of epileptic foci prior to epileptic neurosurgery.
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The influence of acute progressive hypoxia on bioelectrical activity of the brain

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Hypoxia, a noxious and hyperventilatory stimulus and a modifier of neuronal metabolism, could influence cortical function. In this study we attempted to assess any such influence, its determinants, and particularly the role in it of the accompanying hypoxic emotional distress. We addressed the issue by examining the associations among EEG, ventilation, and anxiety during progressive poikilocapnic hypoxia (end-point SaO2 75%) in 12 awake healthy volunteers (mean age 27.5 ±0.7 yr). All subjects hyperventilated in response to hypoxia and 3 of them had a high level of anticipatory anxiety that forced one person to discontinue the test. We failed to show any major effect of hypoxia on the EEG pattern analyzed by visual inspection or wavelet power spectra. Therefore, no relationship between the ventilatory and cortical activity responses to hypoxia could be established. Cortical activity changes appeared, however, in the subjects who experienced emotional distress during the test. These changes were apparent on an expanded analysis of the EEG signal by the use of the Lempel-Ziv complexity that takes into account the ordering of variations in the signal, rather than only the relative frequency of events analyzed by the Shannon entropy. The Lempel-Ziv complexity offers promise as a novel method for unraveling fine and otherwise unexpressed alterations in cortical bioelectrical activity.
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The incidence of sleep apnea in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack

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Disorders of breathing during sleep are defined as cessation or reduction of air flow thorough the upper airway, accompanied by a decrease of oxygen saturation. The results of many studies underline the association between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and cerebrovascular disorders. SDB, mostly obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), is believed to be an independent risk factor of stroke and is related to poor outcome and increased long-term stroke mortality. The present study evaluated the frequency of SDB in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack transient ischemic attack. We studied 43 patients (mean age 68.5 ±11.0), which included 35 males and 8 females, with acute stroke (n=37) and transient ischemic attack (n=6). The assessment included body mass index (BMI), age, cardiovascular risk factors, and localization of stroke. All patients underwent all-night screening for SDB with a portable 8-channel recorder. The apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) for the whole group was 13.3 ±15.2. AHI <5 was found in 16 patients. Overall, SDB was present in 27 (62.8%) patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack, stratified into those with AHI 5-10, (10 patients), 10-20 (8 patients), and AHI>20 (9 patients). In 15 patients, there was an increase in AHI 5 on assuming the supine position. The patients’ mean BMI was 27.8 ±4.7. The analysis of BMI, age, and localization of stroke was not sufficient to identify patients with high risk for SDB. We submit that overnight screening for SDB should be routinely performed in every patient after stroke and transient ischemic attack and it should become a diagnostic tool in neurological departments.
Sleep disorders are reported by up to 90% of the Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. The main causes of poor sleep quality are the altered dopaminergic transmission in the subcortical areas, playing role in the sleep wake regulation, the infl uence of dopaminergic medication and the negative effect of rigidity, painfull dystonias, and other motor symptoms of PD. The aim of this study was the objective polysomnographic assessment of sleep quality in PD with respect to the possible gender differences. We evaluated: seven female and 10 male PD patients (mean age 66.3 ± 9.2 vs. 63.9 ± 10.2 years; mean Hoehn Yahr stage 2.2 ± 0.5 vs. 2.3 ± 0.5 and mean UPDRS score 28.0 ± 9.3 vs. 33.9 ± 15.9) respectively, with no signifi cant differences between both sexes. The sleep was examined with nocturnal polysomnography and with two questionnaires – the Pitsburger sleep quality index (PSQI) and the Parkinson disease sleep scale (PDSS). Both genders showed worsened sleep quality. In particular the decreased sleep effi ciency (61.1 ± 17.5% women, 45.5 ± 23.9% men) and prolonged sleep onset latency (95.2 ± 101.6 min – women, 52.6 ± 77.7 min – men) showed marked differences with respect to estabilished norms for the Polish population. The statistical comparison of the polysomnographic parameters revealed no signifi cant differences between both genders. The poor sleep quality seen in our polysomnographic fi ndings stays in accordance with frequent complainings of disordered sleep among PD patients.
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