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The study was conducted in 2012-2013 on 75 fecal samples of red deer from the Lower Silesian Wilderness which were examined to determine the prevalence of Fascioloides magna in the game population. Finding liver fluke eggs in a single sample which were larger in size than Fasciola hepatica eggs indicated that further molecular analysis was necessarily. The partial sequence (116 bp long) of ITS-2 of the investigated eggs was identical to the sequences of F. magna from red deer (Cervus elaphus) (GenBank, EF534993; GenBank, EF534992) and from wapiti deer (Cervus elaphus canadensis) (GenBank, EF534994) from Slovakia, as well as from fallow deer (Dama dama) from the USA (GenBank, EF051080). This is the first molecular confirmation of the occurrence of F. magna in Poland.
Angiostrongylus vasorum belongs to the superfamily of Metastrongyloidea. This nematode occurs in foxes, dogs and other predators. The Nematode A. vasorum place themselves in the pulmonary artery and its branches, and in the right ventricle and atrium of the heart. Numerous species of land snails are the intermediate hosts of the parasite. In 2013, lungs and hearts of 76 foxes shot in the Forest District Głęboki Bród in Augustowska Primeval Forest were parasitologically necropsied. Four of the examined foxes were infected with the nematode A. vasorum, a prevalence of 5.2%. In one fox pericardium there were 6 male and 6 female nematodes. In the remaining three foxes nematodes were localized in the pulmonary artery. In two foxes 2 specimens of nematodes were detected (male and female, and two females) while 1 female was detected in the other fox. This is the first report of the presence of the nematode A.vasorum in fox in Poland.
To examine the susceptibility of pigs for elaphostrongylosis, six 3.5-month-old Vietnam pigs were infected with doses of from 500 to 10000 invasive larvae of E. cervi. In all infected pigs any clinical symptoms of infection were observed. After one month post infection a necropsy of the pig infected with 5000 larvae was conducted. On the surface of the liver itself were found 6 white nodules from 2 to 6 mm in diameter. Third stage larvae of E. cervi were found in enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. Most of them were dead, but after isolation some were still alive. The rest of the pigs infected with doses of 3000, 2000, 1000, 500 and 10000 larvae, were necropsied successively after 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 months post infection. Any pathological changes were observed in their organs. In the pig necropsied 2 months post infection, dead E. cervi larvae or their fragments were found in mesenteric lymph nodes, and in the rest of the pigs, in this same localization, only fragments of dead larvae or detritus after their resorption were found. Histopathological examinations confirmed the presence of parasitic nodules in lymph nodes and in livers in which cross-sections of larvae of this parasite have been seen. Results of the presented investigations indicate that pigs are not susceptible to infection of E. cervi larvae. One can suppose that a similar low susceptibility to the discussed parasitosis occur in other omnivorous animals and also in men.
A total of 114 elk faecal samples from the Polesie National Park and adjacent forest districts were examined in 2013 and 2014. Three samples were positive. The positive samples were from the village of Wereszczyn, the Sobibor forest district, and the Polesie National Park and Forest district, Parczew. Morphometric examination revealed that the oocysts belong to the species Eimeria alces. This is the second identification of the parasite in elk in Poland and the fifth worldwide.
Fascioloides magna, a liver trematode introduced into Europe in the 19th century from North America is an important parasite of wild and domestic ruminants. In order to confirm the occurrence of this fluke in Poland, a parasitological autopsy was conducted on 30 deer shot in the winter of 2013/2014 in Lower Silesian Wilderness. In addition, samples of faeces of those animals were examined by a decantation method. It was found that two doe were infected with F. magna flukes, so the prevalence amounted to 6.6%. Two specimens of flukes were found in the liver of one doe, and nine were found in the other. The livers were enlarged, and dark brown or black blotchy pigmentation and fibrinous tags were observed on their surface and on the section. In the parenchyma of the organ, numerous wholes capsules (pseudocysts) were found. They were filled with bloody or dark brown liquid, in which flukes were located. Many parasite eggs were also found in faeces.
The nematodes from Setaria genus are not well known in Poland. The aim of this work is the presentation of the first case of S. tundra nematodes in elk (Alces alces) in Poland. Parasitological necropsy of 10 elk found in November 2010 was performed under the authorization of the Ministry of the Environment that allowed hunting them for scientific purposes in Augustowska Forest and in the Biebrza Marshes. Moreover, 2 young elk which died as a result of traffic accidents in Kampinoska Forest and 1 from in Białowieża Forest were necropsied. The research found that three elk were infected with Setaria tundra nematode, so the prevalence was 23%. Two of the infected elk came from Kampinoska Forest, the third from Białowieża Forest. In both elk from Kampinoska Forest 3 specimens of S. tundra were found in the peritoneal cavity, 7 specimens of nematodes were found in the abomasum of the elk from Białowieża Forest. On the basis of literature the adherence and pathogenicity of the nematodes species of the Setaria genus that occur in the country was discussed.
Liver fluke Fascioloides magna is a typical parasite of American cervids. The reason for F. magna to appear in Poland territory was bringing the American wapiti deer to those forests around 1850. Along with these deer the aforementioned fluke was also introduced. The aim of this study was to present the case of finding of this species in cervids in Bory Zielonogórskie. Samples of deer feces were collected in February 2015 in Forest District Krzystkowice. A total of 16 samples of feces were examined, 7 of which came from the red deer, 4 from roe deer and 2 samples from fallow deer. Three grams of feces from each sample were examined for the presence of trematode eggs using the decantation method. Eggs of F. magna were detected in 2 of 7 examined samples from red deer, in the first sample it were found 3 eggs, and in the second one 46 eggs. Moreover, flukes eggs were found in 3 out of 4 roe deer faecal samples, in numbers of 1, 3 and 58 eggs respectively in each sample. Also, in faecal samples from two fallow deer were found in one of them 17 eggs F. magna. The results of this study extend the range of occurrence of the trematodes F. magna on the neighboring Lower Silesia Forest complex of Bory Zielonogórskie which are distant about 50 km. Fallow deer and roe deer were considered to be new in Poland definitive hosts of F. magna.
The present study was conducted on 31 males and females of the European bison, eliminated during the winter seasons 2007–2011 in the Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland. The caeca of 14 free-ranging bison, aged from 3 months up to 16 years, the most favorable infection site for the large intestine nematodes, were investigated during the winter of 2007/2008. The parasitological autopsies of the large intestines of 9 free-ranging bison aged from 5 months up to 10 years as well as 9 bison kept in the close reserves aged from one up to 20 years were done during the winter seasons of 2008–2011 to determine localization of nematodes in large intestine and the total intensity of parasite infection. Five species of nematodes (i.e., Trichuris ovis, Oesophagostomum venulosum, O. radiatum, Ashworthius sidemi, Nematodirus helvetianus) were found in dissected caecum of bison culled during the winter of 2007/2008. During the seasons of 2008–2010, 6 species of nematodes were found in the large intestine of bison (i.e., T. ovis, O. venulosum, O. radiatum, A. sidemi, N. roscidus and Bunostomum trigonocephalum). We did not find any nematodes in the lumen of the large intestine of captive bison culled during the seasons of 2010/2011. The results of the present study indicate that the intensity of infection by the large intestine nematodes of the European bison in the Białowieża Primeval Forest has stayed at the comparable level throughout the last 20 years; however the number of nematode species has increased. The observed level of parasitic infection is typical of subclinical parasitoses.
Ashworthius sidemi, a nematode belonging to the family of Trichostrongylidae, is a primary parasite of the Asian deer, mainly sika deer (Cervus nippon), with which it was introduced to Ukraine, as well as Slovakia, the Czech Republic and France. Migrating red deer carried this parasite from neighboring countries to Polish territory. Until now, in Poland, this parasite has been recorded in European bison, red deer, roe deer and fallow deer. As a result of post-mortem examinations of 10 elk, 2 of them from the Augustów Forest and Biebrza Marshes, A. sidemi were found in abomasa for the first time in Poland. The intensity of the invasions was 120 and 7 specimens, respectively. This finding of Ashworthius sidemi in elk indicates a further expansion of the focus of ashworthiosis in BiaŁowieża towards the north into the Biebrza Marshes and the Augustowska Forest. The growth of the elk population and their tendency for long distance migrations can contribute to the spread of the parasitosis in much greater distances than deer. On the basis of our own research and data from the literature, the current spread of ashworthiosis in Poland is discussed.
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