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The aim of the research was comparison of the effect of tillage system (ploughing or conservation) and various catch crops and air dry matter produced by them on the level of weed infestation of spring wheat canopy cultivated after itself. The research was carried out in the years 2006-2008 on medium heavy mixed rendzina soil. The static two-factorial experiment included ploughing tillage (A) and conservation tillage with autumn disking of catch crops (B) or with their spring disking (C). At the same time, four methods of stand regeneration were applied in spring wheat monoculture in the form of various catch crops. With reference to the control plot without catch crops (a), effect of undersown catch crops of red clover (b) was compared with westerwold ryegrass (c), as well as stubble catch crops of lacy phacelia (d) and white mustard (e) on the level of weed infestation of spring wheat canopy. Conservation tillage increased species diversity of weeds in the canopy of spring wheat, their total number and air dry mass compared with the ploughing tillage. Introduction of catch crops in the spring wheat monoculture decreased species diversity in segetal flora compared with the control plot (without catch crops). Undersown catch crops of red clover and westerwold ryegrass produced a greater biomass in the evaluated 3-year period, and reduced the number of weeds to a greater extent than stubble catch crops of lacy phacelia and white mustard. Air dry mass of weeds in spring wheat cultivated after undersown catch crop of red clover was significantly lower than after undersown catch crop of westerwold ryegrass. The species that occurred in greatest numbers in the spring wheat canopy were: Galium aparine, Fallopia convolvulus and Avena fatua. Tillage system had no significant effect on the yield of dry matter of catch crop plants. Undersown catch crops reacted to changeable weather conditions to a lesser degree than stubble catch crops.
The study was carried out in 2003–2005 in the Bezek Experimental Farm (University of Life Sciences in Lublin). The experimental fi eld was situated on light loamy sand soil. The phosphorus content in soil was high, in potassium medium, in magnesium low. The humus content was 1.2%. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks in three replications. The aim of the investigation was to compare three doses of herbicides in winter triticale canopy (Janko cv., Woltario cv., Krakowiak cv.) cultivated in monoculture. The herbicides Atlantis 04 WG and Factor 365 EC were applied at full recommended doses (200 gha-1), at doses reduced to 75% and 50%. The control was not treated with the herbicides. The weed infestation level was determined by means of the quantitative-weighting method at two dates: the fi rst one at the 6th week after herbicide application and the second one before harvest. The density of weed individuals was counted; the species composition and air– dry biomass of above-ground parts were estimated from the randomly selected areas of 1 m x 0.25 m at four sites of each plot. The density of weeds and weed air dry weight were statistically analysed by means of variance analysis, and the mean values were estimated with Tukey’s confi dence intervals (p=0.05). It was found that the number of weeds and air dry mass of weeds in the control were signifi cantly higher in comparison with the herbicide treated objects. The application of different doses of herbicides did not differentiate signifi cantly the weed infestation level in the winter triticale canopy. Viola arvensis, Matricaria maritima, Chenopodium album and Apera spicaventi were dominant species of weeds in the winter triticale canopy. The selection of cultivars did not influence the canopy weed infestation level.
The present experiment was carried out in the period 2006–2008. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of aqueous soil extracts from the soil of a spring wheat monoculture on seed germination energy and capacity, the length of the first leaf and of the longest radicle as well as the number of radicles. Moreover, the content of 0-dihydroxyphenols in the soil was compared in the last year of the study. The soil used to prepare the solutions came from a field experiment established on medium heavy mixed rendzina soil. Spring wheat, cv. Zebra, was grown using plough tillage and two conservation tillage methods in the presence of undersown crops (red clover, Westerwolds ryegrass) and stubble crops (lacy phacelia, white mustard). Germination energy of the seeds watered with the soil extracts from the ploughed plots was significantly higher than this trait in the seeds watered with the extracts from the conservation tillage treatments with spring disking of the catch crops. Germination energy and capacity of spring wheat in the control treatment watered with distilled water were significantly higher compared to the other treatments under evaluation. Spring wheat watered with the aqueous extract prepared from the soil obtained from the plough tillage treatment produced a significantly longer first leaf compared to the treatments in which both conservation tillage methods had been used. The shortest leaf and the lowest number of radicles were produced by the seedlings watered with the soil extract from the treatment with the white clover stubble crop. Radicle length was not significantly differentiated by the soil extracts under consideration. The content of 0-dihydroxyphenols in the rendzina soil determined during the spring period was higher than that determined in the autumn. The content of 0-dihydroxyphenols in the soil was lower in the conservation tillage treatments with autumn incorporation of the catch crops than in the plots in which plough tillage and conservation tillage with spring disking of the catch crops had been used. The type of catch crop used did not have a significant effect on the soil content of these compounds. At the same time, it was found that the treatments in which the catch crops had been sown tended to have higher contents of these compounds compared to the plots without catch crops.
W latach 2006-2008 przeprowadzono badania dotyczące wpływu systemów uprawy roli oraz międzyplonów na właściwości fizyczne ziarna pszenicy jarej określone aparatem SKCS (Single Kernel Characterization System). Jednocześnie oceniono zawartość popiołu, włókna i tłuszczu w ziarnie. W obiektach uprawy płużnej masa i średnica zastępcza ziarniaków oceniane komputerowym systemem charakterystyki pojedynczych ziarniaków (SKCS) były istotnie większe niż w konserwujących wariantach uprawy roli. Indeks twardości był większy w obiektach uprawy konserwującej w porównaniu z płużną. Największą wilgotność oraz zawartość popiołu i włókna w ziarnie pszenicy jarej stwierdzono w obiektach konserwującego wariantu uprawy roli z wiosennym talerzowaniem międzyplonów. Zawartość tłuszczu w ziarnie w obiektach uprawy konserwującej bez mulczu była największa. Masa oraz średnica zastępcza ziarna w obiektach z życicą westerwoldzką była istotnie mniejsza niż w obiektach z międzyplonami ścierniskowymi facelii błękitnej i gorczycy białej. Natomiast wilgotność ziarna na poletkach z życicą westerwoldzką była większa w odniesieniu do pozostałych obiektów z międzyplonami. Największą zawartość popiołu w ziarnie stwierdzono w obiekcie kontrolnym oraz z życicą westerwoldzką. Zawartość włókna w ziarnie pszenicy jarej w obiektach z gorczycą białą była największa, a z koniczyną czerwoną najmniejsza. W obiektach z międzyplonami ścierniskowymi facelii błękitnej i gorczycy białej zawartość tłuszczu w ziarnie pszenicy była największa, natomiast na poletkach z koniczyną czerwoną najmniejsza.
Celem prowadzonych badań było określenie wpływu dwóch sposobów upra­wy roli - płużnego i bezorkowego oraz dwóch zróżnicowanych poziomów nawo­żenia i ochrony chemicznej - podstawowej i intensywnej na zawartość białka ogólnego, skrobi, suchej masy, witaminy C, związków fenolowych, cukrów redu­kujących i ogółem w bulwach jadalnej odmiany ziemniaka Ania uprawianej na glebie lekkiej. Badania polowe przeprowadzono w latach 1998-2000 na glebie bielicowej niecałkowitej, leżącej na podłożu marglistym o składzie granulometry- cznym piasku gliniastego lekkiego i mocnego. Gleba ta zaliczona jest do klasy bonitacyjnej IVb i kompleksu żytniego dobrego. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono na obiektach uprawy bez- orkowej istotnie większą zawartość fenoli, cukrów redukujących i sumy cukrów w bulwach ziemniaka aniżeli na obiektach płużnego sposobu uprawy roli. Jedno­cześnie intensyfikacja nawożenia i ochrony chemicznej roślin wpływała na zwięk­szenie w bulwach ziemniaka zawartości witaminy C, fenoli, cukrów redukujących i ogółem. Stwierdzono również istotne oddziaływanie warunków meteorologicz­nych poszczególnych sezonów wegetacyjnych na zmiany zawartości białka ogól­nego, skrobi, witaminy C, fenoli oraz cukrów ogółem.
The research was conducted in the years 2006/2007-2008/2009 on the basis of an experiment set up in 2005 on the Experimental Farm in Bezek (51o19’ N; 23o25’ E), belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The evaluation included the effect of tillage systems (plough tillage and conservation tillage with autumn and spring disking of catch crops) and of using various catch crops in spring wheat monoculture on chosen chemical properties of rendzina soil. Conservation tillage, compared with plough tillage, affected the increase of the content of organic carbon, nitrogen and potassium and the decrease of phosphorus content in the topsoil (0-20 cm). The highest content of magnesium and sulphate sulphur was determined in the soil with conservation tillage where catch crops were disked in spring. Stubble catch crop of white mustard influenced the increase of S-SO4 content in the soil, compared with control and other plots where the catch crops were sown. Organic carbon content in the soil where red clover, Westerwolds ryegrass and white mustard were sown as catch crops, was greater than on plots after lacy phacelia or without catch crops. The highest phosphorus content in the soil was determined in the combination with undersown catch crop of red clover, in control and with lacy phacelia. The highest potassium content in the soil was found on plots with Westerwolds ryegrass and white mustard. In autumn, the content of P, K, and S-SO4 in the soil was significantly lower than in spring. Similar tendency was observed for nitrogen and magnesium. The content of organic carbon, potassium, magnesium and sulphate sulphur in the soil increased in successive years of research. The highest phosphorus content was found in the first, and of nitrogen in the second year of research.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of plough and conservation tillage treatment as well as various catch crops on the chemical composition of the grain of spring wheat grown in monoculture. The study was carried out in 2006–2008, using an experiment established in 2005. The experimental field was located on medium and heavy mixed rendzina soil. The design of a static two–factor experiment, set up using the split- -plot method in four replications, included the plough tillage system (A) and two conservation tillage methods – with autumn (B) or spring (C) disking of catch crops. The other factor comprised four methods for regeneration of the spring wheat monoculture stand using the following catch crops: undersown red clover (b) and Westerwolds ryegrass (e); lacy phacelia (c) and white mustard stubble crops (d); and the control treatment without catch crops (a). The concentrations of potassium, manganese and sulphur in the spring wheat grain harvested from the ploughed plots were higher than in the conservation tillage treatment. In the plough tillage treatments, grain Mg content was higher than in the conservation tillage variant with spring disking of the catch crops. Conservation tillage had an effect on the increase in phosphorus and copper content in spring wheat grain compared to plough tillage. Zn and Fe content in the grain from the conservation tillage treatments with autumn disking of the catch crops was lower than in that from the plough and conservation tillage treatments with spring incorporation of the catch crops. Iron content in the grain obtained from the treatments with red clover and lacy phacelia was the highest. At the same time, phosphorus content in spring wheat grain was the highest in the control treatments and in the treatment with Westerwolds ryegrass and white mustard. In the plots where a lacy phacelia stubble crop had been sown, zinc and copper content in grain was determined to be the highest. In turn, the highest manganese content was found in the grain from the control treatments, whereas total sulphur content was the highest in the control plots and in the plots with the stubble crops.
The purpose of this work was to determine the influence of conventional and ploughless tillage systems up on infestation in two differentiated fertilization and plant protection levels on light soil. Before harvest winter rye there was determined weed infestation of square-frame method. There were estimated weed species composition and air dry matter of weeds in two randomly selected place. Number of monocotyledonous weeds, total weeds and dry matter of weeds was higher on the objects with ploughless tillage system compared with conventional tillage. Intensive fertilization and plant protection decreased number of dicotyledonous weeds in canopy of winter rye. Conventional tillage system decreased Apera spica-venti occurrence in a canopy of winter rye and increased number of Plantago major plants. Intensive level of fertilization and plant protection decreased weed infestation first of all through Matricaria maritima.
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