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The aim of the paper was to answer the question of what message is conveyed by dogs exhibiting behaviour referred to as “nibbling” and what emotions are associated with this behaviour. The data for the analysis were obtained from owners who observed this type of behaviour in their dogs. In total 14 groups of animals were examined. Information was collected in the form of film recordings, which proved that the behaviour observed corresponded to that analyzed in the study. Additionally, information from the owners was used. It was observed that the ethology of nibbling in its primary, autochthonic form is related to maternal behaviour. However, since behaviour becomes detached from its biological roots in the process of ritualization, it has gained information-affiliation-consolation functions. Nibbling is not related to status in the social group or a dominant or submissive personality. It reflects highly positive emotions of one animal towards another, including humans, and constitutes a special form of communication that strengthens and creates emotional bonds regardless of animals’ place in the social group.
Among equestrians the “natural” training methods of horses are gaining widespread popularity due to their spectacular efficiency. Underlying philosophy of trainers - founders of different “natural horsemanship training” (NHT) schools, along with other not well documented statements includes argumentation of solely welfare- and human-friendly effects of NHT in the horse. The aim of this review was to screen scientific papers related to NHT to answer the question whether „natural” training methods may actually exert only positive effects upon equine mental state and human-horse relationship. It appears that NHT trainers may reduce stress and emotional tension and improve learning processes as they appropriately apply learning stimuli. Basing on revised literature it can be concluded that training is successful provided that [i] the strength of the aversive stimulus meets sensitivity of an individual horse, [ii] the aversive stimulus is terminated at a right moment to avoid the impression of punishment, and [iii] the animal is given enough time to assess its situation and make an independent decision in the form of adequate behavioural reaction.Neglecting any of these conditions may lead to substantial emotional problems, hyperactivity, or excessive fear in the horse-human relationship, regardless of the training method.However, we admit that the most successful NHT trainers reduce aversive stimulation to the minimum and that horses learn quicker with fear or stress reactions, apparently decreasing along with training process. Anyway, NHT should be acknowledged for absolutely positive role in pointing out the importance of proper stimulation in the schooling and welfare of horses.
The aim of the study was to assess the cognitive abilities of horses in recognizing humans by sight and smell. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, the behaviour of horses exposed to a visual stimulus (photographs of familiar and unfamiliar people) was observed. The second experiment examined their behaviour evoked by an olfactory stimulus. The following variables was assessed: the duration of approach to the object in seconds (s), interest in the object, a negative reaction, the duration of the observation of the object (s), the duration of looking with the left eye and the right eye (s), and other signs of interest, e.g. licking, grasping with lips, and touching the object. It was found that the horses were able to identify the human by transferring the identification of a three-dimensional object (a person that positively conditioned the horse) to a two-dimensional object (a photograph of that person’s face). It was also shown that the horses used the sense of smell in associating clothes with the person wearing them (the one who positively conditioned the horse). It was found that positively conditioned horses reacted more strongly to the smell of human clothes than to a photograph of the human.
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