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Scotophilus kuhlii is distributed in many urban environments, yet the ecology of this species is poorly known. The morphology, echolocation call structure, diet, and foraging areas of S. kuhlii were studied on Hainan Island, south China from March to November 2006. Data from 85 individuals indicate that S. kuhlii is a medium-sized bat with 50.41 ± 1.36 (fi01_175.gif ± SE) mm forearm length and 19.81 ± 3.47 g body mass. The wing morphology with high wing-loading (11.38 ± 1.95 N/m2) and moderate aspect ratio (6.96 ± 0.75) indicates that S. kuhlii flies fast and forages in open habitat and at the edges of cluttered environments. Echolocation calls of S. kuhlii consist of a fundamental and up to four harmonics, with a dominant frequency of 45.72 ± 2.09 kHz, and call shape suggests that this species is adapted to forage in open environments. Data from mist-netting and acoustic detection indicated that S. kuhlii foraged mainly around the crown of trees and street lights. Nine insect orders were recorded in its diet, with Lepidoptera (97.46%, by frequency) and Coleoptera (64.72 ± 2.37%, by volume) constituting the main prey, together with Hemiptera (19.99 ± 1.25%) and Hymenoptera (9.43 ± 1.14%). There was significant seasonal variation in the diet of S. kuhlii: Coleoptera increased from March to May, and then decreased to August, while Hemiptera and Hymenoptera showed the inverse trend.
Spherocytosis is a hereditary disease. It results from mutations in genes that encode proteins participating in the attachment of the membrane skeleton to the plasma membrane bilayer of the erythrocyte. In affected cells, interaction between the spectrin-actin meshwork and integral membrane proteins is altered. This results in the weakening of plasma membrane mechanical resistance and diminishing its elasticity. Since defective cells are prone to mechanical destruction and phagocytosis in the spleen, the fraction of morphologically-altered erythrocytes is rather small; this in turn means such an examination is prone to errors. In this paper, we describe a simple method which could be useful in the identification of red blood cells with altered osmotic properties. The method is based on the measurement of the amount of light scattered by a suspension of the red blood cells, during which cells are exposed to osmotic stress in the stopped-flow regime. The obtained plots are fitted to a mathematical formula, the parameters of which can be used as quantitative indicators of the changes in red blood cells' osmotic features. Two types of spherocytotic samples were examined: those with a proven deficiency in ankyrin and those with a decrease in the band 3 anion transporting protein. The presented data show that this method gives a reliable indication of altered osmotic properties of the spherocytic cells.
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