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Badania prowadzono w czteroletnim (1986—1989) cyklu w doświadczalnej fermie gęsiej w Olsztynie, Każdego roku od 50 losowo wybranych gęsi pobierano świeży pomiot i poszukiwano w nim rozwojowych form pasożytów metodą dekantacji i flotacji Fülleborna. Od maja do września pobierano po 3 objętościowo stałe próbki glebowe, z których pozyskiwano owady i sprawdzano stopień ich zarażenia rozwojowymi formami pasożytów kręgowców. Stwierdzono, że owady liczniej skupiają się w obrębie okólnika niż na nieużytkach. Wyniki badań wskazują, że ich rola w rozprzestrzenianiu inwazji pasożytniczych w obrębie zamkniętych obiektów hodowlanych jest o wiele mniejsza niż dotychczas przypuszczano.
The kind and extensiveness of parasitic invasion in hens in a small on suburb raisings were estimated. The examinations were done in June 1990 in 6 suburbs of the Olsztyn city. In each suburb feaces of 50 hens (from 10 birds in one poultry house) were examined by the Fülleborn’s method. It was found that about 33% of birds were infected with intestinal nematodes and coccidia. Among the parasites dominated Ascaridia galli (17.3%), Eimeria sp. (11.39%) and Capillaria sp. (9.6%). Despite of a high extensiveness of invasion (from 18.0 to 56.0%) clinical lesions were not observed and the invasion does not affect body weight gains and egg laying.
This work comprises the results of investigations on the amount of heterotrophic bacteria (mesophilic), bacteria showing the sanitary state (TC,FC,FS), anaerobic spore - forming bacteria (Clostridiumperfringens), pathogenic/ potentially pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp.), filamentous fungi and yeasts and parasitic worms in sewage sludge at sewage treatment plants in Olsztyn, Olsztynek and Kętrzyn in the Mazurian Lake District. The number of FC, Clostridium perfringens and Salmonella as well as parasitic worms in the soils fertilized by 6.7 and 13.4 t/ha dry wt. of sewage sludge from deposit fields at sewage treatment plant in Olsztyn was also determined. The lowest degree of bacteriological contamination was found in sewage sludge from the sediment fields at the sewage treatment plant in Olsztyn, whereas the highest degree was found in sewage sludge from lagoons at thesewage treatment plant in Kętrzyn. The soils fertilized by sewage sludges from sediment fields at the sewage -treatment plant in Olsztyn contained 100 -100,000 times fewer FC and Clostridium perfringens and parasite worms than sewage sludge. There was a lack of pathogenic bacteria from group of Salmonella. The numbers of FC and Clostridium perfringens and parasitic worms in soils depended on the amount of sewage used in fertilization.This suggests preliminary hygienization of sewage sludges before they are used in agriculture.
Three disinfectants, i.e. Desoform, Lysoformin 3000 and Trichlorol were examined against fly larvae. The trial was carried out on the larvae of Calliphora vomitoria which were fed beef meat with aqueous solutions of the disinfectants under study. The concentrations used were as follows: Desoform -1,3,5 and 6%; Lysoformin 3000 - 0.7, 1.0, 1.5 and 2% and Trichlorol - 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%. The effect of each preparáte was compared with the control group. It was found that all the drugs destroyed the pupae of the fly. Desoform at a concentration 3% and 5% inhibited the development of the larvae at 80% and 95%, respectively, while 2% Lysoformin inhibited 90% of larvae. Trichloral turned out to be of minor effectiveness because its efficacy ranged between 11% and 42%.
In the period of 8 years (1980—1987) the extensiveness of Liver-fluke invasion was on an average: cattle — 10.9%, elk — 6.39%, stag — 1.28%, roe-deer — 0.41%. In the roe-deer, elk and cattle Liver-fluke was found in all the years of the studies; however, in elk the disease was not found in 1980, 1981 and 1984. From 1984 to 1987 there was observed an increase of the invasion but in cattle only in 1982. In turn, the invasion decreased to 7.8%; however its high level due to E.i. was observed in 1981 and 1982.
In June 1990 coproscopic examinations of 46 goats (group I — stabled grazing, group II — stabled management) from two herds were done. In goats of group I the following parasites were found: Eimeria spp. (69.2%), Fasciola hepatica (38.4%), Oesophagostomum spp. (15.3%), Bunostomum spp. (100%), Trichostrongylus spp. (23.0%), Nematodirus spp. (30.7%) and Trichocephalus spp. (38.4%) but in kids Eimeria spp. (89.4%), Fasciola hepatica (15.7%), Moniezia spp. (5.2%) and moreover the following nematodes — Strongyloides spp., Oesophagostomum spp. and Trichocephalus spp. (5.2% all) and Bunostomum spp. (15.7%). In goats of group II (stabled management) Eimeria spp. (28.5%), Trichostrongylus spp. (35.7%) and Trichocephalus spp. (7.1%) were noted.
The occurrence of parasites in wild boars in the Olsztyn province has been analysed. It was found that trichinellosis in the period from 1975 to 1990 occurred in 191 animals (0.229%), lung worms in 6442 (7.72%), hadatidosis in 3463 (4.5%), cysticercosis in 12 (0.014%) and liver fluke in 7 (0.008%). There was observed a distinet increase of T. spiralis extensiveness. A marked number of trichinellosis was noted especially in 1985 and 1990 (0.421% and 0.452% respectively). Liver fluke and cysticercosis appeared only three times: liver fluke in 1979, 1988 and 1990 (extensiveness from 0.02% to 0.05%) and cysticercosis in 1978, 1987 and 1990 (from 0.02% to 0.14%). Hadatidosis and roundworms were found every year: extensiveness of hadatidosis fluctuated from 4.15% to 7.72% and roundworms from 4.24% to 12.82%.
Cats bury their feces in places of easy access for children (backyards, playgrounds). The possibility of infestation of humans by invasive forms of parasites has initiated studies on the extensiveness of parasitic invasion of the alimentary tract of cats in the Olsztyn region (4 suburbs and 4 downtown quarters). Two hundred and forty samples of fresh feces (20 samples from each quarter) have been examined by the flotation and decantation method. Extensiveness of parasitic invasion ranged from 10 to 50%. The most prevalent were: Toxocara leonina (7%), T. canis (5%), Taenia spp., as well as Opistorchis felineus (3.18%) and Ancylostomatidae (2.2%). In one sample proglottids of Echinococcus spp. were determined. About 5% of cats from the examined region were infested by Toxocara canis - a parasite causing heavy infestation in humans.
W fermie trzody chlewnej (10 tys. szt.) najczęściej stwierdzanym nicieniem u świń by i Oesophagostomum dentatum, rzadziej występowały Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi i Trichocephalus suis. Ekstensywność inwazji wszystkich wymienionych pasożytów łącznie wynosiła: u macior 2,4%, u knurów — 1,8%, u tuczników — 1,1%. W gnojowicy pobranej na terenie fermy i poza fermą stwierdzano nieliczne jaja nicieni, głównie Oe. dentatum. Jaja występujące w gnojowicy pobranej na terenie fermy w przeważającej części zawierały rozwinięte larwy lub daleko zaawansowane w rozwoju zarodki, natomiast w jajach znajdowanych w zbiornikach poza fermą stwierdzano zawsze rozwinięte larwy. W próbach gleby i zbutwiałych roślin były nieliczne jaja Oe. dentatum. Największa ich liczba występowała na łące nawożonej gnojowicą.
The influence of selenium and Systamex was examined on 40 sheep 7-month old, naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. The periods of development and pregnancy were taken into account. In group I Vita-E-selen was applied at a dose of 1 ml/kg b/w, in group II Systamex at a dose of 7.5 mg/kg b/w was applied and in group III both preparates were used. Group IV was untreated and served as a control. The preparates were applied to sheep at puberty, before covering in the first week of pregnancy, a week before lambing and one week after weaning of lambs. Intensiveness and extensiveness of parasitic invasion in control animals was minimal at puberty (47%), significantly higher during covering and pregnancy (77% and 80%, respectively), the lowest during lambing, lactation and drying period. In the experimental groups mainly in group II and III significantly lowered intensiveness and extensiveness of invasion by gastro-intestinal nematodes were observed. An especially low number of parasitic eggs was found in the feces of sheep during puberty (300-900 eggs/g), while a higher one during other periods of physiological development of sheep. The highest number of eggs per 1 g of feces was noted during pregnancy after the application of selenium (66 000/g). Selenium did not significantly affect the intensiveness and extensiveness of invasion. However, selenium used together with Systamex largely reduced the invasion of gastro-intestinal nematodes in sheep and improved the condition of animals.
The experiment have been done in the groups of weaners naturally infested by Oesophagostomum dentatum (E.i.= 78.3 — 100%) and Ascaris suum (E.i. = 20.8 — 39.1%). Group I formed the untreated animals, group II — animals treated with Banminth at a dose of 10 mg/kg and group III — animals treated with Retinal at a dose of 10 mg/kg, twice at 5 day intervals. The animals were slaughtered at a weight 105 kg. The following parameters were determined: daily body weight gains, feed consumption per 1 kg of body weight, carcase yield, mean thickness of lard, physicochemical properties of meat, dry weight, content of fat, level of pH, water holding capacity, colour. It was found that dehelminthization of weaners at a half of fattening increases body weight and lowers feed consumption per 1 kg of body gain. The carcases of dehelminthized weaners characterise a higher body weight, higher carcase yield and better meat quality. Percentage of dry weight in the m. longissimus dorsi was comparable in the all examined groups, but the content of fat as well as the thickness of lard was higher in the animals from the experimental groups. The highes value of pH was noted in controls, the lowest in group III. No statistical differences were found in colour and water holding capacity between the three groups. Out of the anthelminthics used better course of fattening and meat quality was found in animals treated with Banminth.
The investigation were carried out on two groups of lambs aged 4 months, infested by natural means with coccidia and roundworms. Each group consisted of 15 lambs; in the first group the average intensity of invasion was 6600 coccidia and in the other one 22 700 oocysts. Faeces and blood samples for laboratory tests were taken from the lambs once a month from April to August. The faeces were tested for the presence of oocysts of Eimeria spp. and eggs of roundworms. The blood tests involved haematocryte, the level of haemoglobin, the amount of leucocytes and erythrocytes. In addition, the levels of cholesterol and urea were determined, as well as the activity of asparagine and alanine aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase. A relationship between the increase of the intensity of coccidia invasion and a decrease of roundworms, mainly Strongyloides papillosus, was found. In group I the intensity of the coccidia invasion ranged in the course of 5 month from 2700 to 13 400 oocysts per 1 g of faeces (opg). The invasion reached its peak in May (13 400 opg) while in other months it was lower and fluctuated from 2700 to 6400 opg. In group II the intensity of the invasion was much higher, ranging from 5700 to 39 400 opg; the highest level of opg occurred in April and May. Generally, haematological and biochemical values in animals of the two groups were similar. The invasion of coccidia and roundworms did not influence the haematological and biochemical indices or clinical symptoms of the animals.
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