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Influence of Cd(NO3)2 concentration on the process of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) germination and changes occurring on the level of synthesized proteins or peptides were evaluated. The studies did not reveal differences in seed germination in control conditions and in presence of cadmium solution. Extracts obtained from two-week-old seedlings were exposed to ammonium sulphate saturation (0–30 and 50–80%). Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE Cellulose revealed appearance of proteins or peptides rich in the cysteine residues which were not present in control group (absorbance 280 and 254 nm). Particular proteins were observed in three extract fractions eluted by NaCl gradient (0.3–0.5 M NaCl) what could suggests formation of (Cys-rich) protein or peptides in presence of the cadmium solution during detoxification process. The largest absorbance indicated a high concentration of (Cys-rich) proteins or peptides related probably to incubation with cadmium solution observed at extract fraction eluted with 0.4 M NaCl.
The aim of the study was the evaluation of the influence of cadmium on protein profile of flax varieties (Linum usitatissimum L.). Linola and Norlin explants were cultured on control medium Dorothy and with addition of 25 and 75 mg/l Cd(NO3)2. Extracts were separated on DEAE-Cellulose (20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 0.2-1 M NaCl). Protein content was evaluated by measuring the absorbance at wavelengths 280 and 254 nm. Linola was characterized by proteins occurrence in fractions eluted by 0.4 and 0.6 M NaCl at 25 mg/l of Cd(NO3)2, at 75 mg/l and additionally by 0.3 M NaCl. Norlin showed response in the form of proteins appeared at 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 M NaCl gradient at 25 mg/l of cadmium, at higher concentration in fractions eluted by 0.2, 0.5 and 0.6 M NaCl. Electrophoretic analysis showed an increase in the protein bands intensity above 60 kDa and under 52 kDa in extracts from flax cultivated with Cd(NO3)2. Studies showed appearance of new proteins during stress condition.
A literature search revealed that more than 120 genetic markers seemed to be linked to athletic performance. Among them endurance markers: ACTN3 577X, PPARA rs4253778 G, PPARGC1A Gly482 and most widely studied ACE I; power/ strength markers: ACTN3 Arg577, AMPD1 Gln12, HIF1A 582Ser, MTHFR rs1801131 C, NOS3 rs2070744 T, PPARG 12Ala and most widely studied ACE D can be taken into consideration as showing positive associations with athlete status. However the genetic architecture of athletic performance seemed to be still the most important challenge and necessary step to full understanding of the background of talent identification both in sport as in dance and other related abilities associated with body movement. On the other hand, the significance of some genetic markers has not been replicated in more than one study.
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