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Large errors of low-cost MEMS inertial measurement unit (MIMU) lead to huge navigation errors, even wrong navigation information. An integrated navigation system for unmanned vessel is proposed. It consists of a low-cost MIMU and Doppler velocity sonar (DVS). This paper presents an integrated navigation method, to improve the performance of navigation system. The integrated navigation system is tested using simulation and semi-physical simulation experiments, whose results show that attitude, velocity and position accuracy has improved awfully, giving exactly accurate navigation results. By means of the combination of low-cost MIMU and DVS, the proposed system is able to overcome fast drift problems of the low cost IMU
As an important single source to carbon emissions, China’s power industry should bear social responsibility for mitigating climate change. To explore what low-carbon development means for the industry, a novel approach that combines the extended multilevel LMDI model with Tapio algorithm was conducted to study the drivers of carbon emissions in the power industry and whether CO₂ emissions from power output is out of sync with economic development, covering the period from 1996 to 2016. Our results come to the following: 1. Carbon emissions from electricity output are characterized by increases and volatility, with an average annual growth rate of 7.05%. The carbon emission factor of electricity, facilitating to compute CO₂ data, shows a decline. 2. The positive driving factors are economic activity effect (169.53%), population scale effect (9.29%), fuel mix structure effect (0.41%), and electricity trade effect (1.05%); the negative driving factors are electricity intensity effect (-46.38%), power generation efficiency effect (-24.93%), and power generation structure effect (-8.97%). 3. Weak decoupling and expansive decoupling are the main status during the research period. The electricity intensity effect is the main force to promote the decoupling process. 4. The market-oriented reform in the power industry in 2003 has a significant effect. The generation-side competition mechanism successfully changes the historical developmental trend of the decoupling elastic index.
Water availability is one of the most important factors limiting photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide and growth of individual plants in terrestrial ecosystems. It is especially important for desert shrubs because the diurnal water availability is particularly sensitive to climate change in arid ecosystems. Water use efficiency (WUE) is an indicator of water availability and is frequently used to assess plant performance in various ecosystems, particularly in arid ecosystems. The WUE of plants has been widely assessed using ecological methods and field measurements; however, these approaches are impractical to obtain numerous near-simultaneous estimates of plant water status at the landscape-scale. Consequently, landscape-scale assessments of plant water status are practically pursued through modeling. In this study, measurement and modeling of the diurnal variations of WUE were conducted for a native dominant desert shrub, Tamarix ramosissima, in its original habitat on the periphery of the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. The diurnal net photosynthesis (An), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (Tr) were measured for each individual using a portable photosynthesis system. A coupled model of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration was applied to simulate the diurnal dynamics of An, gs, Tr, and WUE. The model explained 83, 47, 83, and 55% of the variance in the measured An, gs, Tr, and WUE values, respectively, for this desert ecosystem in which T. ramosissima is sparsely distributed. The results demonstrated that the coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance-transpiration model strategy is a promising approach to estimate water availability in desert ecosystems in Central Asia.
Grazing can change plant community composition and structure, which may alter the functions of the shrub meadow ecosystem. Grazing effects on Potentilla fruticosa shrub community in the headwater region of the Yellow River, which is in core area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, are studied to provide adequate protection decision-making. We investigated continuous grazing and seasonal enclosure effects on P. fruticosa shrub communities. Three sites of P. fruticosa shrub comprising both continuous grazing and seasonal enclosure treatments were selected. The size of each fenced plot of P. fruticosa shrub was about 3000 m², the stocking rate was about 5 heads per 100 m² in continuous grazing treatment. Three samplings were made in each growing season of 2003 and 2004. Cover of vegetation, plant species composition and vegetation height were investigated in seven 1 × 1 m quadrates in each treatment. Above-ground biomass was measured in five 0.5 × 0.5 m quadrates. Shrub, forb, graminoid and sedge plant materials were clipped at ground level and oven-dried at 85ºC to a constant mass. Plant composition was affected by long term continuous grazing and changes were caused by forb species shifting. No apparent difference in species richness between the grazed and ungrazed communities over the growing months were found but the Shannon’s diversity indices of the grazed communities in June and July were higher than that of the ungrazed but lower in the late August and September. Live vegetation cover was reduced by 6.7%, 7.3% and 11.5%, respectively, owing to grazing in July, August and September, but not in June (P> 0.05). Forbs took up more than 50% cover of the vegetation in both grazed and ungrazed treatments. Relative cover of sedges and forbs in ungrazed treatment decreased in July, August and September, while that of graminoids increased more than 70% in the same period. Live vegetation height was reduced by 27% (2004) and 23% (2003) in late August and early September, but not in early growing season. Grazing reduced total above-ground biomass by 35%, 37% and 36% in July, August and early September, respectively, and the reduction was mainly in forb biomass. Continuous grazing affects plant composition and species diversity. The quantitative characteristics of P. fruticosa communities were influenced by grazing over growing months, but the effects were offset by non-growing season grazing.
Due to the gradual agglomeration of economic activities and the continuous reinforcement of spatial linkages in specific geographic locations, the geospatial factor should become an important starting point to understand the relationship between industrial restructuring and energy conservation and emission reduction. This paper first introduces a non-separable hybrid DEA model that considers undesirable output to measure the energy efficiencies of 285 prefecture or higher-level cities in China during 2003-2016; then, a dynamic spatial panel model is used to investigate the influence of different types of industrial agglomerations and agglomeration modes on energy efficiency. According to the obtained study results, for the investigation period, the overall energy efficiency of China with regard to pollutants remained at a low level and presented a “U-shaped” decreasing-increasing trend. To be specific, China’s energy efficiency distribution presented a trend of “high in the east and low in the west.” The energy efficiency of East China changed relatively gently, while the energy efficiencies of central China and western China changed dramatically. China’s energy efficiency also presented a significant spatial agglomeration effect, i.e., cities with close energy efficiencies are usually adjacent to each other. At the national level, agglomeration of the manufacturing sector significantly inhibited the increase of energy efficiency; the agglomeration of the producer service sector and the co-agglomeration of the manufacturing sector and the producer service sector both facilitated an increase of energy efficiency. The influence of industrial agglomeration on energy efficiency differed across different city scale grades. Based on these conclusions, the paper proposes the following policy implications: 1) make full use of the energy savings and emission reduction effect of agglomeration; 2) accelerate the optimization of industrial layout; 3) develop high-end service industry and productive service industry; and 4) create an agglomeration environment that encourages benign industrial competition.
Pollution degrees and health hazards of harmful metals in roadway dust particles finer than 100 μm in various functional areas in Xi’an, China were investigated in our study exploring the impact of land use methods on the environment. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to measure the content of harmful metals, and their pollution degrees were assessed by using the geoaccumulation index and Nemerow synthetic pollution index. The health risks of harmful metals to local residents were judged using the U.S. EPA health risk model. The present study reveals that Co, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn in the samples were 2.1-6.3, 1.9-4.8, 2.1-9.7, 1.1-4.6, and 0.9-13.0 times the corresponding background contents of local soil, respectively. Due to the influence of local land use and the diversity of sources, harmful metals in the various functional areas have different variation characteristics. The assessment results show that Ni, Mn, and V were unpolluted, while Co, Cr, Pb, Cu, and Zn presented pollution in different degrees. The analyzed harmful metals were moderately polluted in park and traffic areas, while in residential and educational areas were heavily polluted. The non-carcinogenic hazards of all measured harmful metals were within the safe range, and the cancer hazards of Co, Cr, and Ni were in the acceptable range.
Natural regeneration of forest depends on the light regimes of floor. Point-based methods such as fisheye photo and radiometer can not provide a full panorama of light regime of heterogeneous forest stand. Eastern Tibetan Plateau is a major forest belt characteristic of diverse forest type and topographic differentiation. Understanding the trend of changes of light regime along succession series of forest may be helpful for the management of ecosystems. Fragmented forest patches due to tectonic activity and human intervention have made this prediction difficult. We use a spatially explicit forest stand light model (tRAYci) to simulate light distribution within forest in typical subalpine forest succession series of eastern Tibetan Plateau. Due to the spatial heterogeneity of tree distribution in the subalpine area, the forest stand can be approximated with a spatially explicit model of trees. Three typical subalpine forest stands (Sabina forest (SF), Fir forest (FF) and Birch forest (BF)) are selected in the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The dominant species are sabina (Sabina saltuaria (Rehd. et Wils.) Cheng), fir (Abies faxoniana Rehd. et Wils.) and birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) for each stand and they are spatially clumped in distribution. They represent old growth coniferous forest (SF, 330 years old), coniferous-broadleaved forest (FF, 180 ys) and pioneer broadleaved forest (BF, 40 ys). The parameters of the three-dimensional model of trees are calibrated with field measurements. The simulated values are generally consistent with observed values of radiation measured by radiometers installed in these stands and values derived from fisheye photos. Test failures may be caused by the incomplete submodel of crown as a gap free one. Light regimes in old growth and pioneer forest are much more heterogeneous than intermediate stages of forest. Light regimes of these forests are also reflected by the composition of understory herb layers.
Grassland degradation due to anthropogenic and natural factors and their interactions is one of the worldwide ecological and economic problems because it reduces grassland productivity and diversity and leads to desertification. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of protective enclosure on vegetation composition and diversity and plant biomass of an alpine degraded meadow. The experiment was conducted at center of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau with two degraded (caused by overgrazing) alpine meadows: the lightly and severely degraded ones (LD and SD) and their enclosed areas with iron net (LDE and SDE, respectively). The areas 200 m × 150 m for each of four degraded alpine meadow treatments at average altitude 3,960 m a.s.l. were set for research. The lightly degraded plots were dominated by Scirpus distigmaticus (Kukenth.) Tang et Wang, Elymus nutans Griseb. and Oxytropis ochrocephala Bunge. The dominating plants in severely degraded plots were: Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd, Ajania tenuifolia (Jacq.) Tzvel, Lonicera minuta Batal. The results showed: (1) the vegetation cover of two degraded plots (LD and SD) has increased after taking the enclosure measures and the forbs dominated both plots. (2) Species richness has also increased in two enclosed degraded plots, respectively. There no significant differences in evenness and diversity between LD and LDE, and SD and SDE, respectively. (3) Enclosure may promote aboveground biomass, particularly grass and forb biomass in LD, and forb biomass in SD plots.
Xanthium sibiricum, an annual weed, unexpectedly and dramatically occupied the exposed drawdown area after water had been impounded for the first time in the newly created Three Gorges Reservoir in China. In order to explain this phenomenon and establish an appropriate management strategy, the effects of constant submersion on seed viability and germination of X. sibiricum were investigated at two constant temperature regimes (25oC and 30oC) under artificial laboratory conditions. The results indicated that the seeds of X. sibiricum exhibited a high level of tolerance of submersion and up to 99% of seeds were viable in each treatment regime. The effect of submersion on germination was not obvious at 25oC until the submersion was prolonged for 180 days, while at 30oC the eventual germination rate of X. sibiricum, even after submergence for only one day, was significantly improved. The speed of germination was also consistently accelerated by prolonged periods of submersion. The proportion of seeds that germinated in all treatments combined was less that 56% due to seed dimorphism, thereby providing a seed bank. We conclude that the interaction between long-term winter flooding and high temperature in summer is the major reason that X. sibiricum was able to occupy the newly exposed drawdown area in the absence of competition. These findings provided further insight into how germination strategy and reservoir water-management regime contributed to this dramatic species outbreak.
The effect of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on Antarctic phytoplankton has become an attractive ecological issue as a result of annual springtime ozone depletion. The effects of UV-B radiation on the growth and antioxidant enzymes were investigated using Antarctic sea ice microalgae Chlamydomonas sp. ICE-L as the material in this study. The results demonstrated that UV-B radiation could notably inhibit the growth, especially at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 µW cm⁻²). Malondialdehyde and O₂˙⁻ content in ICE-L increased rapidly in early days (1–3 days) exposed to UV-B radiation enhancement, then decreased rapidly. In the stress of UV-B radiation enhancement, the superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and Catalase activities of 1–4 days in ICE-L were obviously higher than those in the control, and their activities became higher at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 µW cm⁻²). These enzymes activity of 7 days would kept stable at low UV-B radiation intensity (35 µW cm⁻²), but kept high level at high UV-B radiation intensity (70 µW cm⁻²). However, the ascorbate peroxidase activity in ICE-L kept stable under the stress of UV-B radiation enhancement. The above experimental results indicated that the antioxidant enzyme system played an important role in the adaptation of Antarctic ice microalgae under the UV-B radiation change of Antarctic ecosystems.
Vegetation indices such as photochemical reflectance index (PRI) have been applied in tracing various biophysical and biochemical parameters within plants. However, less attention has been focused on chlorophyll (Chl) a/b ratio in arid environment. Quantitative estimation of Chl a/b ratio through remote sensing may provide important information regarding carbon balance and stress response in desert plants. We investigated the potential of PRI to trace Chl a/b ratio in Haloxylon ammodendron trees at Gurbantu¨nggu¨t Desert, China. The results revealed a seasonal and vertical variation in correlations. PRI was negatively correlated with Chl a/b ratio in all datasets, with pronounced sensitivity to changes in light across the canopy where low coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.30) was obtained in bottom compared to the middle and top canopy assimilating branches. Seasonally, PRI–Chl a/b ratio relationship exhibited a higher R2 for May–June dataset (R2 = 0.62, P\0.001) and a lower RMSE of 0.18. A larger variability in both relationships was apparent when data from different heights were pooled together (total dataset). Although good correlation between seasonal PRI–Chl a/b relationship was found in top canopy branches, this relationship did not hold throughout the entire growing season. The identified normalized differential (ND) index (ND(510,570)) performed slightly better than the original PRI with R2 improvement of 1 and 4 % for May–June and July–September datasets, respectively, and more than 5 % improvement in R2 for within canopy datasets. In addition, both PRI and ND(510,570) performed poorly for pooled data. Therefore, within canopy variation and age-related changes must be considered when retrieving Chl a/b ratio through hyper-spectral remote sensing. Furthermore, both PRI and ND(510,570) must be applied with caution when dealing with desert species because of confounding factors related to strong erratic changes such as drought. Further studies on PRI mechanisms in different species under different environment are recommended.
Cross-country assessment of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission performance provides quantitative information for determining the responsibility of various countries in reducing global CO₂ emissions. This paper proposes a nonparametric metafrontier approach to evaluating the CO₂ emission performance of 49 major emitting countries. It has been found that the CO₂ emission performance of different countries shows a large discrepancy and the performance level of the group frontier is higher than that of the metafrontier. These countries can be divided into three categories based on their performance levels of group frontier and metafrontier. American’s CO₂ emission performance is closest to the best practice of world countries. Although Asia is still further from the efficient frontier and its CO₂ reduction potential is the highest, the gap has narrowed over time. The technology gap of the sample countries in CO₂ emission performance has experienced two stages of decrease and increase.
The halophyte Puccinellia tenuiflora efficiently restricts Na+ entry into roots and maintains a strong selective absorption (SA) capacity for K+ over Na+ to cope with salt stress. AKT1-type channel, an important plant K+uptake protein, may be active in regulating SA in P. tenuiflora. Here, its encoding gene PtAKT1 was isolated from P. tenuiflora. To examine the function of PtAKT1 in salt resistance and selectivity for K+ over Na+, we analyzed the transcript patterns of PtAKT1 and Na+, K+ concentration in P. tenuiflora during varying concentrations of NaCl and KCl. Results displayed that both the transcription abundance of PtAKT1 in roots and the whole plant K+ concentration did not change with varying K+ concentrations in the medium (0-10 mM). When NaCl (25 or 150 mM) was present, transcript levels of PtAKT1 weredown-regulated, accompanied by a decrease in the whole plant K+ concentration. However, under normal (5 mM) or low (0.1 mM) KCl condition, transcript levels of PtAKT1 in roots under severe salt stress (150 mM NaCl) were higher than that in mild salt condition (25 mM NaCl) within 6–24 h, so did SA during the whole treatment time (6–96 h). A strong positive correlation was existed between root PtAKT1 transcription abundance and SA values during 25 or 150 mM NaCl plus KCl. Consequently, it is proposed that PtAKT1 is a key factor in regulating selective absorption capacity for K+ over Na+ in P. tenuiflora during saline condition. Finally, we hypothesize a model that SOS1, HKT and SKOR synergistically regulate potassium and sodium transport systems in the xylem parenchyma, and subsequently modulates K+ absorption via AKT1, which is located in epidermis, cortex and endodermis. The model could also provide a likely evidence to the mechanism that SOS1 could protect AKT1 mediating K+ influx during salt stress.
Moisture content uniformity is one of critical parameters to evaluate the quality of dried products and the drying technique. The potential of the hyperspectral imaging technique for evaluating the moisture content uniformity of maize kernels during the drying process was investigated. Predicting models were established using the partial least squares regression method. Two methods, using the prediction value of moisture content to calculate the uniformity (indirect) and predicting the moisture content uniformity directly, were investigated. Better prediction results were achieved using the direct method (with correlation coefficients RP = 0.848 and root-mean-square error of prediction RMSEP = 2.73) than the indirect method (RP = 0.521 and RMSEP = 10.96). The hyperspectral imaging technique showed significant potential in evaluating moisture content uniformity of maize kernels during the drying process.
Bacteriocin E50-52, a class IIa bacteriocin with a wide antibacterial spectrum, and has a huge potential to be a substitute for conventional antibiotics. In this research, the bacteriocin E50-52 gene was cloned into the expression vector pET SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) and introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant fusion protein SUMO-bacteriocin E50-52 expressed in a soluble form was purified to a purity of more than 90% by Ni-NTA sepharose column and 117 mg fusion protein was obtained per liter of fermentation culture. The fusion protein was cleaved with SUMO protease and re-applied to a Ni-NTA Sepharose column. Finally, about 16 mg recombinant bacteriocin E50-52 (rbE50-52) was obtained from a 1-liter fermentation culture with no less than 95% purity. The rbE50-52 had similar antimicrobial properties and molecular weight as the native bacteriocin E50-52 and showed very low hemolytic activity.
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