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Severe eutrophication and harmful cyanobacterial blooms of freshwater ecosystems has been a persistent environmental topic in recent decades. Allelochemical inhibition has received great attention in aquatic ecology and quality management. This study investigates the growth and full photosynthesis performance of pyrogallol on Microcystis aeruginosa TY001. The growth and pigment contents of M. aeruginosa were seriously inhibited by pyrogallol. The relative expression levels of the nblA gene were up-regulated under pyrogallol treatments. Unexpectedly, the relative transcript abundance of the psaB and psbA genes significantly increased compared with the control, but the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of M. aeruginosa TY001 decreased significantly, except at 1 mg L-1 pyrogallol. In conclusion, the target sites of pyrogallol’s toxic effect on the PSII of M. aeruginosa TY001 were mainly on the active reaction centers and the electron transport at the acceptor side.
Populus euphratica Oliv., a species of the model woody plant genus Populus, is well known for its tolerance to salinity stress, the underlying mechanism of which is a research hotspot. Transient expression of fluorescent fusion proteins is commonly used for rapid assessment of gene functions and interactions, and thus would be useful to study the genes involved in salt tolerance in this species. Our transient gene expression protocol for P. euphratica included a simple protoplast preparation and transformation procedure from suspension cultured cells. The highest protoplast yield (8 9 107 g-1 fresh weight) with high viability (above 90 %) was obtained using an optimized enzyme mix of 4 % (w/v) cellulase R10, 0.5 % (w/v) pectinase, and 0.2 % (w/v) hemicellulase. Factors affecting protoplast transformation efficiency were also optimized: 20 lg plasmid DNA versus 105 protoplasts, and a transformation time of 20 min using PEG, which resulted in a transformation efficiency greater than 50 %. A pair of known markers was simultaneously and correctly expressed in the same P. euphratica protoplasts by co-transformation. The isolation and transformation protocol took 5 h, and results could be obtained within 24 h. This protoplast transient expression system is suitable for studying gene expression, protein localization, and protein–protein interactions in woody plants. In addition, it would be particularly useful for studying the signaling pathway involved in the salt tolerance of P. euphratica in a homologous system, which may not even be possible using protoplasts prepared from other species.
The objective of this study was to test whether biochar amendment could offset the effects of nitrogen (N) deposition on soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and enzyme activity. We applied N (low and high rates) and biochar (low and high rates) individually, and in combination (all permutations) to the soil of a Torreya grandis cv. “Merrillii” orchard as a 13-month field experiment during 2015-2016 in Zhejiang Province, China. MBC significantly increased in the low N treatment but decreased in the high N treatment (P<0.05). MBC significantly decreased in both biochar-only treatments, and this effect became stronger as biochar amendment rates increased. Biochar amendment amplified the positive effects of low N treatment on MBC and mitigated the negative effects of high N treatment. Catalase, cellulase, and urease activities significantly increased with N addition. Cellulase, nitrite reductase, and urease activities significantly increased in the biochar treatments. The positive effects of low N addition on catalase were amplified in the low biochar amendment treatment, but the positive effects on cellulase decreased significantly. The effects of biochar amendment on MBC and enzyme activities of soil that receives atmospheric N deposition were regulated by the rates of both biochar amendment and N deposition, and varied with enzyme type.
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