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1

Relationships between mating system, spatial behaviour, and genetic variation in ungulates, with special reference to European cervids

100%
Apollonio M.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
1998
|
tom 43
|
nr 5
2

Are biochemical-genetic variation and mating systems related in large mammals?

63%
Apollonio M., Hartl G. B.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
1993
|
tom 38
|
nr 2
In some families of large mammals (Cervidae, Bovidae, Canidae), we examined relationships between the various mating systems adopted and biochemical-genetic variation measured in terms of the mean proportion of polymorphic loci (P), mean heterozygosity (H) and derived coefficients, such as the ratio Pt:P and FIS. Our hypothesis was that genetic variability decreases as the degree of polygyny of the mating system adopted increases. Most of the data were in accordance with this prediction, but also some ambiguous results could be observed. Methodological and practical difficulties connected with our synoptical approach, such as the lack of comparability among most electrophoretic studies and the general scarcity of quantitative behavioural data are critically discussed.
3

Genetic variation in an isolated Italian population of fallow deer Dama dama as revealed by RAPD-PCR

51%
Scandura M., Tiedemann R., Apollonio M., Hartl G. B.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
1998
|
tom 43
|
nr 5
4

Home range dynamics of male roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a mountainous habitat

51%
Rossi I., Lamberti P., Mauri L., Apollonio M.
Acta Theriologica
|
2003
|
tom 48
|
nr 3
a mountainous habitat. Acta Theriologica 48: 425-432. Male spacing behaviour of roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) was studied in a wooded mountainous habitat in the Casentinesi Forest National Park, Italy. Data were collected using radio-tracking techniques from March 1997 to February 1998. Annual, seasonal, and bimonthly home ranges were analysed. Different factors may influence male spacing behaviour throughout the year. Winter home range sizes may be dependent on environmental conditions, while social factors could de­termine a high level of individual variability during the territorial and reproductive period. Prime age males showed great spatial stability, in contrast to the ranging movements of yearlings.
5

Home range patterns of male fallow deer Dama dama in a sub-Mediterranean habitat

51%
Davini S., Ciuti S., Luccarini S., Apollonio M.
Acta Theriologica
|
2004
|
tom 49
|
nr 3
From 1996 to 2000 the home ranges of 14 male fallow deer Dama dama (Linnaeus, 1758) were studied in the San Rossore Preserve (Italy) using radio-telemetry. Mean size of annual home ranges was 588.9 ± 278.9 ha, calculated by MCP, and 337.5 ± 178.9 ha, using Kernel method, and was larger than that reported in published literature to date. The size of the seasonal home range estimated with the MCP method was 90.6 ± 129.1 ha during spring, 73.7 ± 67.9 ha in summer, 465.0 ± 230.6 ha in fall, and 65.6 ± 60.6 ha in winter. The Kernel method gave 84.7 ± 140.2 ha in spring, 61.3 ± 64.6 ha in summer, 306.0 ± 170.5 ha in fall, and 46.5 ± 44.0 ha during winter. The seasonal analysis suggested that bucks tended to occupy the same particular area from winter to summer, which was related to rich trophic resources, even despite of anthropic disturbance. During autumn, males reached the rutting site (a lek) that was 4 km distant from the areas occupied during the other three seasons. The lekking behaviour was the main factor influencing home range size.
6

Genetic variability of roe deer Capreolus capreolus in Italy: electrophoretic survey on populations of different origin

51%
Lorenzini R., Patalano M., Apollonio M., Mazzarone V.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
1993
|
tom 38
|
nr 2
In order to investigate genetic variability and differentiation of roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Italy, four populations were examined for polymorphism at thirty-two gene loci by means of vertical Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mean values of polymorphism (mean P = 15.6%, SD 4.4%) and expected average heterozygosity (mean He = 4.7%, SD 1.9%) were comparable to those reported previously for roe deer populations of Central Europe. Moreover, the results confirmed that roe deer is one of the genetically most variable deer species yet studied. Nei's standard genetic distances (mean D = 0.008, SD 0.004) were consistent with the values generally obtained at the level of local populations in deer species. Estimates of relative genetic differentiation showed that 11.5% of the total diversity can be assigned to genetic divergence among populations. Differences in levels of genetic variation among the Italian populations studied are discussed with respect to their respective demographic origin and historical background. The implications of our data for the management of roe deer in Italy are outlined.
7

Barn Owl Tyto alba predation on small mammals in relation to the Mediterranean environment [Pisa Province, Italy]

51%
Varuzza P., Capizzi D., Santini L., Apollonio M.
Acta Ornithologica
|
2001
|
tom 36
|
nr 2
The diet of the Barn Owl was investigated in 13 localities in the Pisa province, Central Italy. In each locality the percentage of forest and cultivated land, and the linear development of roads and rivers were recorded. To estimate the prey availability, the small mammal communities in seven different localities within the same province were sampled during live trapping sessions. Barn Owls preyed mainly upon rodents (79.4%) and insectivores (18.8%), while birds were eaten to a small degree (1.9%). The main prey taxon was Apodemus sp. (39.7%), followed by Microtus savii (26.1%). The relative frequencies of these two prey items were negatively correlated. Statistically significant differences in the mean prey weight in the thirteen localities were detected. The mean prey weight was positively associated with the wood surface and negatively with the area of cultivated fields. A positive relationship between prey diversity and cultivation was recorded. This indicates that Barn Owls which forage in cultivated habitats tend to prey on smaller species, mainly shrews and voles, and to have a more diversified prey spectrum. On the contrary, owls foraging in wooded areas were more specialized and preyed on larger Animals.
8

Occurrence of black wolves in the Northern Apennines, Italy

51%
Apollonio M., Mattioli L., Scandura M.
Acta Theriologica
|
2004
|
tom 49
|
nr 2
The occurrence of black-coated individuals in wolf Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 populations is not surprising itself, but their presence in populations recovering from a severe numerical decline has been considered a possible sign of crossbreeding with the domestic dog. In the northern Apennines (Italy), black wolves occur at a non-negligible frequency. In a 3300 km area, 22% of wolves observed and 23% of all dead wolves found were represented by animals with a completely black coat. One 'black' wolf belonging to the studied population was analysed by a set of microsatellite loci, and no trace of hybridization was found in its ancestry. This result induced us to consider the occurrence of a black phenotype in this area possibly derived from a natural combination of wolf alleles in coat colour determining genes, and not necessarily as the result of crossbreeding with the domestic form.
9

Genetic determination of cervid antlers in relation to their significance in social interactions

51%
Hartl G. B., Apollonio M., Mattioli L.
Acta Theriologica. Supplement
|
1995
|
nr 03
Antler traits (length of the main beam, circumference of the main beam, coronet circumference, and the number of antler points) in roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) from a population in Casentino (Northern Tuscany) were examined for associations with genotypes at loci coding for enzymes. Significant associations were found only in yearlings. Individuals homozygous for the allele Mpi120 had significantly larger antlers than carriers of other genotypes at Mpi. Individuals homozygous for Pep-2100 had significantly smaller antlers than carriers of other genotypes at Pep-2. In adults the results were essentially the same, but only as a statistically insignificant trend. The data were interpreted in terms of one or more genetic components having a major influence on antler development only in yearlings. This corresponds with behavioural data suggesting that in adults antler size is not related to reproductive success, but in yearlings it is correlated with sexual maturity and the rate of being expelled from the home range of their mothers by territory holders. The situation in the roe deer was compared with previous results on the genetics of antler development in the red deer, where males are social rather than solitary, yearlings do not participate in reproduction, and some antler characteristics are related to reproductive success of adult stags.
10

Biochemical-genetic approach towards the systematics of lechwe Kobus leche

51%
De M. D., Apollonio M., Hartl G. B.
Acta Theriologica
|
1995
|
tom 40
|
nr 3
Red lechwe Kobus leche leche Gray, 1850 (n = 3), black lechwe K. I. smithermani Lydekker, 1900 (n = 10) and Kafue lechwe K. I. kafuensis Haltenorth, 1963 (n = 19) from Zambia were examined for genetic variability and differentiation at 30 pre­sumptive structural loci using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Values of polymor­phism (P = 10.0-16.7%) and average heterozygosity (H = 6.3-7.9%) were within the range commonly found in ungulates. Genetic variability was lowest in the red lechwe, which may be due to a genetic bottleneck the Zambia population experienced some 50 years ago. Relative (fst = 21%) and absolute (Nei's 1978, d = 0.020-0.023) genetic differentiation were in accordance with the subspecies status proposed for red lechwe, black lechwe, and Kafue lechwe on the basis of morphological characters.
11

Wolf food habits and wild ungulate availability in the Foreste Casentinesi National Park, Italy

51%
Mattioli L., Apollonio M., Mazzarone V., Centofanti E.
Acta Theriologica
|
1995
|
tom 40
|
nr 4
We investigated wolf Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 food habits in northern Apen­nines by examining 240 scats collected between 1988 and 1992. In the same area we also estimated densities of the most common wild ungulates. Wild ungulates were the main prey of the wolf and accounted for more than 92% of both frequencies of occurrence and mean percentage volume. During our study period we observed a decrease in the use of roe deer and an increase in the use of wild boar. Moreover selection of wild boar by wolves increased too, but selection of roe deer decreased by almost 400%, with moderately fluctuating deer densities. The impact of predation was generally greatest on young animals. Roe deer fawns and red deer calves were predated 3.14 and 2.18 times respectively more than available. Wild boar also were predated mainly in their first year but more often from 6 months of age than before.
12

Effect of predation risk on grouping pattern and whistling behaviour in a wild mouflon Ovis aries population

45%
Pipia A., Ciuti S., Grignolio S., Luchetti S.Madau R., Apollonio M.
Acta Theriologica
|
2009
|
tom 54
|
nr 1
77-86
We studied the effect of predation risk on grouping pattern and whistling behaviour in a free-ranging mouflonOvis aries Linnaeus, 1758 population in Sardinia. Direct observations were carried out from July 2005 to June 2007 (n groups=881,n mouflon=3477). In our study site, the rut occurred in October and November, when social sexual segregation disappeared, while lambing peaked in April. Groups with lambs (mean ± SE: female groups with lambs 4.98 ± 0.23, mixed groups 6.49 ± 0.29) were larger than male groups (2.01 ± 0.10) and female groups without lambs (2.77 ± 0.11), especially during the lambing season. This reflected the anti-predator tactics adopted by mothers so as to benefit from the dilution effect. Also male aggregations increased in size during the lambing season, as a consequence of the gradual decrease of rutting activities and consequently of male-male aggressiveness. Among the anti-predator tactics adopted by mouflon, whistling behaviour seemed to be a warning signal directed to predators and not to conspecifics. This was because whistling was shown by smaller aggregations only, regardless of group type, presence of lamb and habitat occupied. Smaller groups cannot profit from the dilution effect and therefore may be more motivated to signal the predator that it has been spotted.
13

Spatial behaviour of adult male Alpine ibex Capra ibex ibex in the Gran Paradiso National Park, Italy

45%
Parrini F., Grignolio S., Luccarini S., Bassano B., Apollonio M.
Acta Theriologica
|
2003
|
tom 48
|
nr 3
During a two year preliminary study, the spatial organization of a group of male Alpine ibex Capra ibex ibex Linnaeus, 1758 was examined in the Gran Paradiso National Park, Western Italian Alps, Italy. From December 1995 to January 1998 we measured annual, seasonal home range and home range during the rut, plus altitudinal migration of 13 radio-collared adult Alpine ibex. The small annual home range size showed a traditional use of space, confirmed by the high overlapping values between home ranges of consecutive years: the ibex used the same places from year to year. This was also true during periods of rut. Home ranges closely overlapped in consecutive ruts, while their size changed from winter to winter. Snow cover limited the movements of the ibex; winter and spring home ranges were smaller than those in summer and autumn. Mean vertical movement patterns were similar in the two years, showing the highest values in summer and the lowest in spring. Space use was never proportional to availability for each altitudinal range.
14

Selection of rendezvous sites and reuse of pup raising areas among wolves Canis lupus of north-eastern Apennines, Italy

33%
Capitani C., Mattioli L., Avanzinelli E., Gazzola A., Lamberti P., Mauri L., Scandura M., Viviani A., Apollonio M.
Acta Theriologica
|
2006
|
tom 51
|
nr 4
395-404
A coarse scale analysis was carried out of factors affecting rendezvous site selection and fidelity to pup raising areas in wolfCanis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 packs inhabiting the north eastern Apennines, Italy. From 1993 to 2004, 44 rendezvous sites were identified, and compared with random sites for variables related to topography, habitat, and human presence. Rendezvous sites were significantly more frequent inside protected areas and at a significantly greater distance from paved roads and villages than random sites. Moreover, they were located on a significantly steeper slope and at a higher absolute elevation than random sites, whereas we did not observe selection of a particular aspect. Deciduous forests were selected, whereas open areas were not used. Canopy cover above 70% was positively selected. Distance from protected areas border and paved roads, and presence of deciduous forest proved the main factors affecting rendezvous site distribution. In four cases we observed the reuse of the same rendezvous sites for two consecutive years. Some packs tended to locate their rendezvous sites in small portions of their territory, thus implying that some areas are more suitable for pup raising.
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