Wyniki wyszukiwania

1

Problems with the identification of southern African Chaerephon (Molossidae), and the possibility of a cryptic species from South Africa and Swaziland

100%

Taylor P. J.

Acta Chiropterologica

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1999

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tom 01

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nr 2

2

Effects of court-specific and minimalist footwear on patellar tendon loading during a maximal change of direction task

63%

Sinclair J., Taylor P. J.

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport

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2017

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tom 09

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nr 4

The aim of the current investigation was to examine the effects of court shoes, minimalist, energy return and athletic footwear on the loads experienced by the patellar tendon during a maximal change of direction task. Ten male participants performed maximal change of direction movements in court shoes, minimalist, energy return and athletic footwear. Lower limb kinematics were collected using an 8-camera motion capture system; ground reaction forces were quantified using an embedded force platform. Patellar tendon kinetics were examined via a musculoskeletal modelling approach, and the frictional properties of the footwear were examined using ground reaction force information. The results showed that the rate at which the tendon was loaded was significantly larger in minimalist footwear (62.54BW/s) in relation to court (30.41BW/s), energy return (47.17BW/s) and athletic footwear (37.40BW/s). In addition, the coefficient of friction and rotational friction moment were found to be significantly lower in minimalist footwear (0.53 & 15.63Nm) in relation to court (0.57 & 25.04Nm), energy return (0.60 & 18.84Nm) and athletic footwear (0.62 & 19.74Nm). Therefore, the findings from the current investigation indicate that minimalist footwear may place athletes who undertake court-based activities at increased risk from patellar tendinopathy.

3

Systematic implications of chromosome GTG-band and bacula morphology for Southern African Eptesicus and Pipistrellus and several other species of Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

51%

Kearney T. C., Volleth M., Contrafatto G., Taylor P. J.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2002

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tom 04

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nr 1

Phylogenetic analyses of bacular and chromosomal GTG-band characters verify the suggestion that Eptesicus hottentotus (A. Smith, 1833) is the only true Eptesicus Rafinesque, 1820 of the six southern African species (capensis, cf. melckorum, rendalli, somalicus and zuluensis) formerly classified as Eptesicus. GTG-banded chromosomes studied in rendalli, zuluensis and capensis confirm the affiliation of all of them to the genus Neoromicia; these species were previously placed in the Pipistrellus Kaup, 1829, subgenus Neoromicia based on bacular morphology. For karyological reasons, the elevation of the subgenus Neoromicia to generic rank is established by the presence of three Robertsonian fusion chromosomes (7/11, 8/9, 10/12) as distinguishing characters. The move of Hypsugo nanus and cf. melckorum to the genus Neoromicia is indicated by chromosomal analysis and bacular morphology, respectively. The close phylogenetic relationship between Pipistrellus cf. kuhlii and P. rusticus is shown by a shared Robertsonian fusion element (11/12).

4

The influence of lower extremity coronal plane movements on the passive regulation of instantaneous loading mechanics during running

51%

Sinclair1 (A, B, C, D, E, F, G), Paul John Taylor2 (D, E, F, G), Sarah Jane Hobbs1 J. K., Taylor P. J., Hobbs S. J.

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport

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2013

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tom 05

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nr 3

Background: The repetitive transmission of impact forces may contribute to the aetiology of overuse injuries. Therefore determining the mechanisms that regulate impact loading has potential clinical significance.This study aimed to determine the influence of lower extremity coronal plane kinematics on the regulation of impact loading during running. Material/Methods: Thirty-six participants ran at 4.0 m.s-1striking the centre of a piezoelectric force platform with their dominant limb. Coronal plane angular kinematics about the hip, knee and ankle joints were measured using an eight-camera motion analysis system operating at 250 Hz. Regression analyses with instantaneous loading rate magnitude as a criterion were used to identify the coronal plane parameters associated with impact loading. Results: The overall regression model yielded Adj R2 = 0.37, p ≤ 0.01. Two biomechanical parameters were obtained as significant predictors of the instantaneous loading rate. Peak ankle eversion Adj R2 = 0.22, p ≤ 0.01 and peak eversion angular velocity of the ankle Adj R2 = 0.15, p ≤ 0.01 were found to be significant predictors of instantaneous loading rate. Conclusions: The findings of the current investigation therefore suggest that passive joint motions in the coronal plane can regulate the magnitude of impact loading, linked to the development of chronic injuries.

5

Genetic similarity amongst phenotypically diverse little free-tailed bats, Chaerephon pumilus

51%

Jacobs D. S., Eick G. N., Richardson E. J., Taylor P. J.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2004

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tom 06

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nr 1

The African molossid Chaerephon pumilus shows extensive variation in colour, size and echolocation across its wide distributional range with a light-winged form in north-eastern Africa and a dark form in southern Africa. There is also much variation in supposedly diagnostic characters (e.g., degree of palatial emargination) amongst the dark form of this species in southern Africa. These differences suggest that there may be cryptic species within C. pumilus. We used phylogenetic and phenetic analyses of sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome-b gene of a number of C. pumilus individuals to investigate the status of the light and dark-winged forms of this species and to evaluate the possibility of cryptic species within the dark-winged form of C. pumilus in southern Africa. We evaluated species status by comparing the level of sequence divergence amongst C. pumilus with the level of sequence divergence between known species in the genus. These included C. ansorgei, C. chapini, C. nigeriae and C. jobensis. Intrageneric sequence divergences among the Chaerephon spp. included here ranged from 6.51 to 11.18%, whereas the average sequence divergence between the light and dark forms was 0.9%. This suggests that these two forms are not distinct species. Individuals of the dark form of C. pumilus were genetically indistinguishable from each other having the same cytochrome b haplotype. We thus found no evidence of cryptic species in southern African C. pumilus.

6

Fluctuating asymmetry and allozyme variability in an isolated springbok Antidorcas marsupialis population from the Chelmsford Nature Reserve

51%

Grobler P. J., Taylor P. J., Pretorius M. D., Anderson C. P.

Acta Theriologica

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1999

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tom 44

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nr 2

Allozyme variability and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in skull morphology were used to test the hypothesis of inbreeding in an isolated springbok Antidorcas marsupialis fZimmermann, 1780) population from the Chelmsford Nature Reserve, South Africa. Of 39 loci studied in a sample of 30 animals, five displayed allelic polymorphism. Average heterozygosity of 1.8% was not appreciably lower than a value of 2% calculated for 49 animals from a control group from Beniontein Game Farm in the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Proportion of polymorphic loci and average number of alleles per locus were identical in both populations (10.3% and 1.1). Morphological analysis contradicted the prediction of increased fluctuating asymmetry due to the likelihood of inbreeding in a small, isolated population, with FA almost always higher in the control compared to Chelmsford. Chelmsford animals were however smaller than control animals for seven out of 9 cranial and horn variables analysed (significantly so in four cases), hich could conceivably be explained by environmental influences. It is concluded that loss of genetic diversity is not a problem in the Chelmsford springbok population, although this does not negate the possibility that physical deformities occurring in the population may indeed be genetically induced.

7

Comparative renal morphology of some southern African otomyine rodents

51%

Pillay N., Willan K., Taylor P. J.

Acta Theriologica

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1994

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tom 39

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nr 1

The kidney structure of 21 individual otomyine rodents representing six southern African taxa from localities with differing climatic profiles was studied by means of light microscopy. Variation in the data was accounted for primarily by relative cortex and medulla proportions, The kidneys of Otomys angoniensis Wroughton, 1906, O. irroratus (Brants, 1827) and O. nloggetti robertsi Hewitt, 1927 displayed mesic adaptation, and those of 0. unisulcatus F. Cuvier, 1829, Parotomys brantsii (A. Smith, 1834) and P, littledalei Thomas, 1918 xeric adaptation, reflecting species-specific patterns of geographic distribution across southern African rainfall gradients. Neither mesic nor xeric renal characters appear optimally expressed in the species considered, and it is postulated that feeding habits and behavioural adaptations play a significant role in the water economy of otomyine rodents.

8

The effect of front and back squat techniques on peak loads experienced by the Achilles tendon

45%

Sinclair J., Edmundson C., Atkins S., Taylor P. J., Vincent H.

Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity. The Journal of Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport

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2015

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tom 07

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nr 3

Background: A primary technique in the discipline of strength and conditioning the squat has two principal ‘back and front’ variants. Despite the physiological and strength benefits of the squat, the propensity for musculoskeletal injury is high. The current investigation examined the influence of the front and back squat variations on the load experienced by the Achilles tendon. Material/Methods: Achilles tendon loads were obtained from eighteen experienced male participants as they completed both back and front squats. Differences between squat conditions were examined using Bonferroni adjusted (p = 0.0125) paired t-tests. Results: The results showed that the peak Achilles tendon load was significantly greater in the back squat (2.67 ±0.74 B.W) condition compared to the front squat (2.37 ±0.69 B.W). Conclusions: Given the proposed relationship between the magnitude of the load experienced by the Achilles tendon and tendon pathology, the back squat appears to place lifters at greater risk from Achilles tendon injury. Therefore, it may be prudent for lifters who are predisposed to Achilles tendon pathology to utilize the front squat in their training.

9

Wing loading correlates negatively with genetic structuring of eight Afro-Malagasy bat species (Molossidae)

45%

Taylor P. J., Goodman S. M., Schoeman M. C., Ratrimomanarivo F. H., Lamb J. M.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2012

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tom 14

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nr 1

We tested the effects of aspect ratio, wing loading and body size (forearm length) on four estimators of molecular diversity (based on mitochondrial D-loop and cytochrome-b DNA sequences) among eight Afro-Malagasy species of free-tailed (Family Molossidae) bats. As expected based on many previous animal studies conducted at broader taxonomic scales, FST was significantly negatively correlated with wing loading (a good proxy for dispersal ability), even after correcting for phylogeny. However, haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity and k (the mean number of nucleotide differences between sequences) were not significantly correlated with body size, aspect ratio or wing loading. According to the metabolic rate hypothesis, we expected a significant negative correlation between k and body size. No such significant correlation was obtained, which is attributed to species differences in population size and the timing of past bottlenecks inferred from population demographic data.

10

Changes of bat activity, species richness, diversity and community composition over an altitudinal gradient in the Soutpansberg range, South Africa

39%

Linden V. M. G., Weier S. M., Gaigher I., Kuipers H. J., Weterings M. J. A., Taylor P. J.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2014

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tom 16

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nr 1

Bats are important indicator species which can help in identifying areas where conservation efforts should be concentrated and whether these areas are affected by ongoing climate change. To elucidate factors limiting and influencing the elevational distribution of bats in a recognised biodiversity hotpot, the Soutpansberg mountain range (in Vhembe Biosphere Reserve) of northern South Africa, we collected data in and around the Luvhondo Private Nature Reserve, by catching and acoustically monitoring bats over an altitudinal gradient from 900 to 1,748 m. A total of 18 different species could be recorded. Two species, namely Pipistrellus hesperidus and Chaerephon cf. ansorgei appeared to be present and dominant at all altitudes. Activity, species richness and diversity significantly decreased with increasing altitude, whereas community composition was not related to altitude and no endemics to either low or high altitude were detected. It is likely that the change of species richness and diversity over altitude is caused by other factors correlated with altitude such as vegetation type, area size, energy availability and climatic differences. Our research demonstrated that lower altitudes are richer and more diverse in bat species and since no highland endemics have been discovered, conservation efforts in the area, regarding bats, should not ignore these lower altitudes which are most susceptible to human impacts leading to habitat degradation due to over-grazing, bush encroachment, cultivation and denudation of large trees for firewood collection.

11

Diversity of Hipposideridae in the Mount Nimba massif, West Africa, and the taxonomic status of Hipposideros lamottei

39%

Monadjem A., Richards L., Taylor P. J., Denys C., Dower A., Stoffberg S.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2013

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tom 15

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nr 2

Several species complexes exist within the African representatives of the genus Hipposideros and the relationships between these taxa are not yet well understood. We present evidence showing that at least seven species of Hipposideros co-occur at Mount Nimba at the northern boundary of the Upper Guinean forest zone. The species H. lamottei has been misdiagnosed previously, partly as a result of errors in published measurements. This taxon is currently known only from high-altitude grasslands in northern (Guinean) Mount Nimba. Cytochrome b sequences and echolocation calls of this species, as well as for H. marisae, are presented for the first time. Also, at least two different species groups, previously lumped in H. ruber, co-exist syntopically here. Mount Nimba apparently represents a diversity hotspot for species of Hipposideros in West Africa, and as a result may be an important site for their conservation.

12

Toward a Molecular Phylogeny for the Molossidae (Chiroptera) of the Afro-Malagasy Regionno access

39%

Lamb J. M., Ralph T. M. C., Naidoo T., Taylor P. J., Ratrimomanativo F., Stanley W. T., Goodman S. M.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2011

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tom 13

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nr 1

We present phylogenetic information based on nuclear Rag2 and mitochondrial cytochrome b sequence data for six genera of Molossidae (Chaerephon, Mops, Mormopterus, Otomops, Sauromys, Tadarida) and 18 species, primarily from Africa and the Malagasy region (Madagascar and neighbouring islands), and further include sequences of 12 New World and African taxa sourced from GenBank. There is strong support for the monophyly of the Molossidae included in this study. The Malagasy region taxa Mormopterus jugularis and M. francoismoutoui are supported as a basal clade with an age of≈ 31.2 MYR, and are not monophyletic with the South American M. kalinowskii. Asian Otomops wroughtoni and O. formosus and Afro-Malagasy O. martiensseni and O. madagascariensis form a strongly-supported ≈19.8 MYR-old clade, whose broader relationships among Molossidae are not clearly defined. There is strong support for a ≈ 17.2 MYR-old combined Chaerephon/Mops clade, in which members of these genera show some paraphyly. The monophyly of the genus Tadarida, represented in our analyses by T. brasiliensis from the New World and T.fulminans, T. aegyptiaca and T. teniotis from the Old World, is not upheld, although there is good support for a geographicallydisjunct ≈ 9.8 MYR-old grouping which includes C. jobimena (Madagascar), T. aegyptiaca (Africa) and T. brasiliensis (America). Sauromys is maintained as a monotypic genus, although there is moderate support for its association with T. fulminans and the Chaerephon!Mops clade, the latter of which comprises M. midas, M. leucostigma, M. condylurus, M. bakarii, C. pumilus, C. pusillus, C. leucogaster and C. atsinanana. An ≈ 8.4 MYR-old New World clade comprising representatives of Eumops, Nyctinomops and Molossus was well-supported.

13

Geographic and phylogeographic variation in Chaerephon leucogaster (Chiroptera: Molossidae) of Magdagascar and the western Indian Ocean islands of Mayotte and Pemba

39%

Ratrimomanarivo F. H., Goodman S. M., Stanley W. T., Naidoo T., Taylor P. J., Lamb J.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2009

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tom 11

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nr 1

We examine patterns of morphological and genetic variation in Chaerephon leucogaster (family Molossidae) on Madagascar, Mayotte in the Comoros Archipelago, and the offshore Tanzanian island of Pemba. Five external, 10 cranial, and eight dental measurements of animals from different Malagasy populations (grouped according to bioclimatic regions) show differences in the degree of sexual dimorphism and size variation. Further, the population on Mayotte is largely identical in size to those from western Madagascar, and animals from Pemba are notably larger than those from Madagascar and Mayotte. Cytochrome b genetic distances across samples from these islands were low (maximum 0.0035) and animals from Pemba and Mayotte shared cytochrome b haplotypes with Malagasy bats. D-loop data showed some concordance between haplotype distribution, geographical position (latitude and island), and the bioclimatic zones. Animals from Pemba and Mayotte formed a unique D-loop haplotype, which was a minimum of six mutational steps different from Malagasy haplotypes. Within Madagascar, certain haplotypes were exclusive to the north (13°S latitude band) and arid southwest (22° and 23°S latitudes) regions. In general, there was no clear concordance between variation in haplotype distribution, latitude, altitude or gender. Where concordance occurred, the genetic distances involved were not sufficiently high to warrant the definition of new taxonomic units. Hence, based on current genetic information, patterns of morphological variation of the Madagascar populations and differences between Pemba and Mayotte/Madagascar are best explained as inter-population variation and may be adaptive, associated with different climatic regimes and associated ecological variables.

14

Diet determined by next generation sequencing reveals pest consumption and opportunistic foraging by bats in macadamia orchards in South Africa

39%

Taylor P. J., Matamba E., Steyn J. N., Nangammbi T., Zepeda-Mendoza M. L., Bohmann K.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2017

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tom 19

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nr 2

Recent studies have documented the economically significant impact of bats as predators of agricultural pest insects. We used Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the cytochrome oxidase I gene to elucidate the diet of six species of bats based on faecal pellets collected from individuals and roosts in macadamia orchards at Levubu, Limpopo Province, South Africa. For five of these species, we compared the molecular data with published results from microscopic analysis of faecal pellets, culled parts and stomach contents. We provide the first description of the molecular diet of the large African molossid bat, Mops midas. Expectations from skull morphology and a single limited study of stomach contents were that this species should be a beetle-specialist. However, NGS revealed that the diet of M. midas contained a much higher prevalence and diversity of lepidopteran (81 taxa from 17 families) compared to coleopteran (two taxa) prey. While this result is predicted by the allotonic frequency hypothesis for a bat species with low echolocation frequency, it could also be explained by unequal PCR amplification, a constraint of amplicon sequencing. Apart from the above-mentioned species where our sample was probably unbiased (24 pellets from multiple roosts and occasions), sample sizes of the other five species were very low and therefore potentially biased (1–6 pellets). Nevertheless, these samples revealed for each bat species surprisingly many prey taxa spanning several insect orders, indicating that individual bats were capable of consuming a wide diversity of prey during one or two nights of foraging. Contrary to expectations, bats of all foraging groups (clutter, clutteredge and open-air) fed opportunistically on mostly-flightless cockroaches (Order Blattodea). About one third of all faecal pellets tested from five species of bats of all foraging groups contained DNA from the significant macadamia pest species, Nezara viridula (Order Heteroptera), indicating the value of intact bat communities in the biological control of pest stink bugs in macadamia orchards. Contrary to the general expectations of the allotonic frequency hypothesis, all six bat species studied fed predominantly on tympanate versus non-tympanate species of moths (57–75% of lepidopteran prey taxa), even those ‘non-allotonic’ bat species having intermediate echolocation peak frequencies that encompass the frequency sensitivity of hearing (tympanate) moths.

15

A recent inventory of the bats of mozambique with documentation of seven new species for the country

33%

Monadjem A., Schoeman M. C., Reside A., Pio D. V., Stoffberg S., Bayliss J., Cotterill F. P. D., Curran M., Kopp M., Taylor P. J.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2010

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tom 12

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nr 2

The bat fauna of Mozambique is poorly documented. We conducted a series of inventories across the country between 2005 and 2009, resulting in the identification of 50 species from 41 sites. Of these, seven species represent new national records that increase the country total to 67 species. These data include results from the first detailed surveys across northern Mozambique, over an area representing almost 50% of the country. We detail information on new distribution records and measurements of these specimens. Special attention is paid to the Rhinolophidae, because these include several taxa that are currently in a state of taxonomic confusion. Furthermore, we also present some notes on taxonomy, ecology and echolocation calls. Finally, we combine modelled distributions to present predicted species richness across the country. Species richness was lowest across the coastal plain, to the east and far north, and is predicted to increase in association with rising altitude and higher topographic unevenness of the landscape.

16

Phylogeography and predicted distribution of African-Arabian and Malagasy populations of giant mastiff bats, Otomops spp. (Chiroptera: Molossidae)

33%

Lamb J. M., Ralph T. M. C., Goodman S. M., Bogdanowicz W., Fahr J., Gajewska M., Bates P. J. J., Eger J., Benda P., Taylor P. J.

Acta Chiropterologica

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2008

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tom 10

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nr 1

Otomops martiensseni is sparsely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa and southwestern Arabia (Yemen). Otomops madagascariensis from the dry portions of Madagascar is widely recognised to be a distinct species. Based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of the cytochrome b gene (1,004 base pairs; n = 50) and the control region (D-loop, 290 base pairs; n = 52), two Oriental outgroup species (O. wroughtoni and O. cf. formosus) formed a monophyletic clade that was the sister group to the Afro-Malagasy taxa, composed of O. martiensseni and O. madagascariensis. Within the Afro-Malagasy clade, we discovered three well-supported but genetically similar clades (inter-clade genetic distances of 3.4–4.4%) from 1) north-eastern Africa and Arabia, 2) African mainland except northeast Africa, and 3) Madagascar. Taken together, haplotype networks, estimated divergence times, regional species richness and historical demographic data tentatively suggested dispersal from Asia to Africa and Madagascar. To understand ecological determinants of phylogeographic, biogeographic and genetic structure, we assessed the potential distribution of O. martiensseni throughout sub-Saharan Africa with ecological niche modelling (MaxEnt) based on known point localities (n = 60). The species is predicted to occur mainly in woodlands and forests and in areas of rough topography. Continuity of suitable habitats supported our inferred high levels of continental gene flow (relatively low genetic distances), and suggested that factors other than habitat suitability have resulted in the observed phylogeographic structure (e.g., seasonal mass migrations of insects that might be tracked by these bats). Based on a Bayesian relaxed clock approach and two fossil calibration dates, we estimated that African and Oriental clades diverged at 4.2 Mya, Malagasy and African clades at 1.5 Mya, and African clades 1 and 2 at 1.2 Mya. Integrating phylogenetic, phylogeographic, population genetic and ecological approaches holds promise for a better understanding of biodiversity patterns and evolutionary processes.

Ograniczanie wyników

Problems with the identification of southern African Chaerephon (Molossidae), and the possibility of a cryptic species from South Africa and Swaziland

Effects of court-specific and minimalist footwear on patellar tendon loading during a maximal change of direction task

Systematic implications of chromosome GTG-band and bacula morphology for Southern African Eptesicus and Pipistrellus and several other species of Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)

The influence of lower extremity coronal plane movements on the passive regulation of instantaneous loading mechanics during running

Genetic similarity amongst phenotypically diverse little free-tailed bats, Chaerephon pumilus

Fluctuating asymmetry and allozyme variability in an isolated springbok Antidorcas marsupialis population from the Chelmsford Nature Reserve

Comparative renal morphology of some southern African otomyine rodents

The effect of front and back squat techniques on peak loads experienced by the Achilles tendon

Wing loading correlates negatively with genetic structuring of eight Afro-Malagasy bat species (Molossidae)

Changes of bat activity, species richness, diversity and community composition over an altitudinal gradient in the Soutpansberg range, South Africa

Diversity of Hipposideridae in the Mount Nimba massif, West Africa, and the taxonomic status of Hipposideros lamottei

Toward a Molecular Phylogeny for the Molossidae (Chiroptera) of the Afro-Malagasy Regionno access

Geographic and phylogeographic variation in Chaerephon leucogaster (Chiroptera: Molossidae) of Magdagascar and the western Indian Ocean islands of Mayotte and Pemba

Diet determined by next generation sequencing reveals pest consumption and opportunistic foraging by bats in macadamia orchards in South Africa

A recent inventory of the bats of mozambique with documentation of seven new species for the country

Phylogeography and predicted distribution of African-Arabian and Malagasy populations of giant mastiff bats, Otomops spp. (Chiroptera: Molossidae)