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The aim of present experiments was to investigate the influence of cholinergic receptor’s ligands on memory-related behavior in mice, using the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. This test allows examining different processes of memory (acquisition and consolidation), depending on the time of drug treatment. The time necessary for mice to move from the opened arm to the enclosed arm (i.e. transfer latency, TL) was used as an index of memory. We revealed that in both processes of acquisition and consolidation, nicotine (0.035 and 0.175 mg/kg, free base, sc) shortened TL on the second day of experiment (TL2), improving memory processes. In contrast, scopolamine (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg, ip) significantly increased TL2 values, impairing cognitive processes. In the following experiments, we evaluated the influence of a drug currently used in smoking cessation in humans, bupropion, on memoryrelated behavior induced by nicotine and scopolamine. Interestingly, the acute injection of bupropion (10 and 20 mg/ kg), prior to injections of both nicotine (0.035 mg/kg) or scopolamine (1.0 mg/kg), significantly prevented nicotine-induced memory improvement or scopolamine-induced memory impairment. Bupropion can diminish not only the rewarding (dependence-producing) effects of nicotine, but also its cognitive effects related to addiction. Our studies further indicated the great involvement of the cholinergic system in memory and allow development of more effective pharmacotherapies for memory impairment-like treatment of human disorders in which cholinergic pathways can be implicated.
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘ecstasy’), a potent monoamine-releaser that is widely used as a recreational drug. Hence, understanding the effects and mechanisms of MDMA is of immense importance for the public health in the world. We examined how an acute dose of MDMA affects memory and learning processes, anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in female Swiss mice as well as oxidative processes in brain. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of MDMA (20–0.1 mg/kg, ip) in the forced swim test (FST), elevated plus maze (EPM) and passive avoidance (PA) paradigm in mice. At first, we showed that MDMA at the doses of 10 and 2.5 mg/kg exhibited a significant reduction of immobility time in the FST, indicating the antidepressant-like activity. In the second series of our experiment, we demonstrated that MDMA at the doses of 5 and 2.5 mg/kg improved consolidation of memory processes in PA test. Also, this compound showed strong anxiogenic effect at the range of doses (20–0.5 mg/kg). MDMA at the higher doses (20-5 mg/kg) enhanced oxidative stress, expressed as superoxide dismutase activity, ascorbic acid concentration and malondialdehyde level, within brain, whereas its lower doses did not affect measured parameters. Taken together, these data suggest an anxiogenic-like, antidepresive and procognitive in consolidation trial effects of acute MDMA treatment. The results of our study also showed the influence of MDMA on the oxidative stress processes in the brain.
The purpose of the experiments was to examine the anxiety-related effects of d-amphetamine and nicotine, and the possible involvement of the endocannabinoid system. D-amphetamine (2 mg/kg, ip) was administered acutely or daily for 8 days. On the 9th day, mice were challenged with d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg, ip) or nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, sc), and were tested in the elevated plus maze. Additionally, a distinct group of mice was pretreated with an acute (0.1 mg/kg, sc) or subchronic nicotine (6 days), and subjected to nicotine (0.1 mg/kg, sc) or d-amphetamine (2 mg/kg, ip) challenge on the 7th day. The cannabinoid receptor ligands, WIN 55,212-2, a non-selective cannabinoid receptor agonist (0.25; 0.5 and 1 mg/kg, ip) and rimonabant, a CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist (0.25; 0.5; 1 and 2 mg/kg, ip) were injected prior to each injection of saline or acute and subchronic d-amphetamine or nicotine. We observed that acute anxiogenic and subchronic anxiolytic effects of both psychostimulants as well as the development of full cross-tolerance to their anxiogenic effects were dose-dependently blunted by ineffective doses of WIN 55,212-2 (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) and rimonabant (0.5 and 1 mg/kg). These results provide evidence that the endogenous cannabinoid system is involved in the anxiety-related responses to d-amphetamine and/or nicotine.
Cannabinoids are implicated in regulation of variety emotions through the type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) receptors. Our pharamcological interests have been focused on the effects of CB2 receptor selective ligands in the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) which is associated with memory-loss, phobia, depression as well as oxidative processes in brain. We examined the impact of CB2 agonist: JWH-133 in mice using passive avoidance (PA) test to measure memory-related responses, elevated plus maze (EPM) test to measure anxiety-related behavior and forced swimming test (FST) to measure depression-related responses. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipids peroxidation level, expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, were measured in homogenates of brain. Our findings revealed that a single injection of JWH-133 improved memory in PA, had an anxiogenic effects in EPM, antidepressant effects in FST and slightly increased total antioxidant capacity but did not affect lipids peroxidation level in brain. CB2 ligands could become a new pharmacological alternative in treatment of AD which is associated not only with emotional-related disorders but also with oxidative stress.
A common element in the phenomenon of addiction is polydrug abuse. Behavioural responses related to the relapse to drug taking can be measured in various animal models e.g., in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. In the present experiments, we employed CPP paradigm including the establishment, extinction, reinstatement and cross-reinstatement procedures, to study mechanisms of nicotine seeking behaviour and interactions between nicotine and cannabinoids and ethanol. First, we revealed that nicotine produced a place preference to the initially less-preferred compartment paired with its injections during conditioning (0.175 mg/kg, base, i.p.). Once established, nicotine CPP was extinguished by repeated testing. Following this extinction phase, nicotineexperienced rats were challenged with CB1 receptor agonist – WIN 55,212-2 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or ethanol (0.5 g/kg, i.p.). These priming injections of both drugs reinstated a marked preference for the compartment previously paired with nicotine. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of atypical antidepressant drug - bupropion (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) in blocking reinstatement of nicotine CPP provoked by WIN 55,212-2 and ethanol. Our results demonstrated that bupropion (exept for dose 10 mg/kg used in reinstatement induced by WIN 55,212-2) attenuated the reinstatement of nicotine-conditioned response induced by both drugs. Results obtained in the present studies may contribute to better understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms underlying nicotine addiction and reciprocal relationships between nicotine, cannabis and ethanol. As reinstatement of drug-seeking is a factor for the development of dependence, bupropion may be useful in the relapse-prevention phase of addiction treatment.
Reinstatement of drug-seeking behaviour in animals is relevant to relapse to drug taking in humans. In the present study, we used the conditioned place preference paradigm to investigate the establishment, extinction, reinstatement and cross-reinstatement of nicotine-induced place conditioning in rats. We have revealed that nicotine produced a place preference to the compartment paired with its injections during conditioning. Once established, nicotine place preference was extinguished by repeated testing. Following this extinction phase, nicotine-experienced rats were challenged with nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) or morphine (10 mg/kg). These priming injections of both drugs renewed a marked preference for the compartment previously paired with nicotine. In the second step, we examined the infl uence of CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist rimonabant (0.5, 1 and 2 mg/kg) on the reinstatement of nicotine place conditioning. It was shown that rimonabant, dosedependently, attenuated the reinstatement of nicotine-conditioned response. Our fi ndings may further indicate similar endocannabinoid-dependent mechanisms involved in the development of reinstatement of nicotine-conditioned place preference provoked by priming injections of nicotine and morphine. As reinstatement of drug-seeking is a factor for the development of drug dependence, CB1 receptor antagonists may be useful in the relapse-prevention phase of addiction treatment, including nicotinism and polydrug abuse.
In the present paper, results of a study on the effect of a reduction in the number of ploughings in a crop rotation on the seed weed bank in the soil are presented. The study was carried out in the second and fourth year of a crop rotation (potato– spring wheat– pea– winter wheat). A reduction in the number of ploughings to three in the crop rotation decreased weed infestation of the plough layer, whereas when only one ploughing was made there was clearly more weed diaspores in the soil than after plough tillage. In the fi rst period of the study, the mineral fertilisation level did not differentiate the weed seed bank in the soil, whereas after the end of the rotation its signifi cant increase was noted as a result of more intensive fertilisation. In all the experimental treatments, diaspores of Chenopodium album, Viola arvensis, Galinsoga sp. and Apera spica-venti occurred in greatest numbers.
The nitrates content in cheese was proportional to the amount of saltpetre added to the milk and this relationship remained unchanged for a long time during cheese ripening if the number of coliform bacteria did not exceed 10³ g. The nitrates reduction rate was proportional to the number of coliform bacteria. The nitrites content grew (up to a point) with the increase of the number of these bacteria. The saltpetre addition to the milk reduced the multiplication rate of coliform bacteria in the cheese only when the milk used to produce the cheese was strongly contaminated with these bacteria. In such a case the advantageous effect of saltpetre on cheese quality was also apparent.
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