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Studies upon behariour of snails in anthropogenically changed water environment. 1. Locomotor activity of lymnaea stagnalis (L), with regard to subpopulations infected with developmental stages of digeneans. The aim of the paper was to analyse the locomotor activity of snails, Lymnaea stagnalis, with regard to physico-chemical properties of water in an inhabited reservoir and parasitic infection. The material was collected in selected anthropogenic water environments situated in the Upper Silesian Industrial Region (sinkhole ponds, sand-and clay-excavations). The locomotor activity of each snail was analysed in laboratory conditions by designation of number of penetrated segments, marked in tanks filled with water originating from a given reservoir, during 15', with intervals of l'. It was observed the significant relationship between locomotor activity of examined snails and the water carbonaceous hardness (r = -0,812, at range of the independent variable 173.0-863.5 mg CaCO₃/dm³). Correlation coefficients with other physico-chemical parameters of water were close to zero. Locomotion of snails infected with developmental stages of digenetic trematodes was significantly lower comparing to non-infected individuals. Locomotor activity of these former ones was dependend more on degree of the digestive gland damage by the parasite than on the infection agent.
Pulmonate and prosobranch snails, being necessary hosts for parthenogenetic generations of digenetic trematodes, participate in transmission of all trematodoses important from medical point of view. Role of particular gastropods in epidemiology of these diseases is discussed in details. Invasion of land snails and slugs is mainly passive by eggs containing developed miracidia, white enter ofthese larvae into snails inhabiting fresh-water environments is usually active. Generations in the snail host between miracidia and cercariae vary considerable, depending upon the fluke species. Generally, the cercaria is produced by the sporocyst or the redia. Cercariae usually actively penetrate out of the infected snail and enter water. Leaving out of account cases of encystation of cercariae in external environment (liver flukes of the family Fasciolidae) and active penetration into the final host (blood flukes of the family Schistosomatidae), encystation of these larvae takes place in the second intermediate host. Cercariae of medically important flukes may develop into metacercariae in tissues of fish (liver flukes - Opisthorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis, intestinal flukes - Heterophyes heterophyes, Metagonimus yokogawai, Troglotrema salmincola), as well as in crustaceans (pulmonary flukes of the genus Paragonimus), insects (the bipathogenic liver fluke Dicrocoelium dendriticum and other species of the family Plagiorchiidae incidentally found in man), and gastropods (flukes of the family Echinostomatidae, among them perhaps the best known is the Oriental species - Echinostoma ilocanum). In prevention and control of human trematodoses, especially in endemic foci, elimination of snail hosts is a great importance. Using molluscides may be objectionable from the stadpoint of environmental modification through their toxicity to other organisms. Biological control of snail hosts is more attractive. It includes introduction and management of predators, parasites, or pathogens, and intramolluscan competition. Moreover, certain slugs and terrestrial snails participate in transmission of nematode larval stages, including species known as pathogenic for man - the strongylid nematodes of the genus Angiostrongylus). Such infections may be prevented by abstanding from eating raw or inadequately cooked molluscs in endemic areas.
Susceptibility of snails to infection with larvae of digenetic trematodes is determined by: degree of infectivity of a parasite race, causal ecological factors, and efficiency of defence reactions. In the article indications of resistance and immunity of these animals to such infections are presented, with regard to mechanisms of cellular and humoral forms of the immunological response. Some aspects of altered by a parasite dynamics of defence reactions of a host, like: occurrence of opportunistic infections (development of the immunological tolerance state for homo- and heterologous reinfections), adaptive immunity, and cases of survival of parasitic larvae in naturally resistant snails are discussed.
Mechanism of pathogenesis of somatic gigantism of water snails infected with development stages of digenetic trematodes is a complex phenomenon. The manner of origination of these abnormalities is often dependent on accepted host-parasite relationship. In the article there are discussed essential foundations of hypotheses explaining snails' parasitological gigantism as a consequence of alterations in gonadal activity (e.g. the hypothesis of disturbances in energetic budget of a host) or of different aspects of the parasite effect on activity of the neurosecretory centres, involved in the control of somatic growth, as well as a possibility of production by parthenites some compounds, acting synergically with host's growth neurohormone.
The effect of exposure of juvenile individuals of Lymnaea stagnalis to infectious eggs of Opisthioglyphe ranae on dynamics of their growth was investigated under controlled conditions in laboratory. In infected snails enlargement of body weight and linear parameters of shell were observed. Any differences in shell shape, analysed on the base of regression of shell width towards to its height, were not ascertained in uninfected snails and those infected with parthenites of the trematode. The findings with this host-parasite system are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms of pathogenesis of somatic gigantism in other trematode-snail interactions.
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