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Apoptosis is the process involved in embryonic development and homeostasis maintenance of developed organisms. Furthermore, apoptosis is the mechanism of NK and T cells (CTL) cytotoxicity. The family of bcl-2 proteins plays a crucial role in regulation of cell death and consists both of proteins with pro-apoptotic (Bax, Bad, Bid, Bik), and anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL) activity. The present work was aimed at elucidating the role of Bax and Bcl-2 expression in pathogenesis of mousepox caused by virulent Moscow strain of Ectromelia virus (ECTV-MOS) in sensitive animals - BALB/c mice (H-2ᵈ). BALB/c mice were infected via footpad with ECTV-MOS and at 5, 10 and 15 day of infection, lymph nodes, livers and spleens were isolated and subjected to further research. The tests included measurement of: apoptosis using TUNEK assay, caspase-9 activity and bcl-2 and Bax expression. The results showed: (a) influence of ECTV-MOS upon expression of Bcl-2/Bax and subsequent transduction of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and (b) the role of Bcl-2 protein in suppression of apoptosis in Mø depending on specific immunological environment of infected organs.
The present work describes the involvement of Fas/FasL receptors in apoptosis during the pathogenesis of ectromelia virus (ECTV) infection in BALB/c mice. The involvement of Fas/FasL in apoptosis observed during ECTV infection is related to: (a) the influence of ECTV upon the expression of Fas/FasL and subsequent transduction pathways and (b) the specific immunological environment of infected organs and its influence on the functioning of immunocompetent cells.
Plants belonging to Rhodiola kirilowii species, members of Rhodiola genus and Crassulaceae family, grow wildly in Tibet, Mongolia and China mountains and are traditionally used as adaptogens, antidepressants and anti-inflammatory remedies. Nowadays, R. kirilowii is cultivated in some countries, also in Poland. In our previous papers we reported immuno- and angio-modulatory effects of aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts of radix and rhizome of this plant in non-pregnant and pregnant mice. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of feeding pregnant and further lactating mice these extracts on selected thymus function parameters in adult progeny. The counts of M-30+ apoptotic cells, in the thymuses obtained from progeny of mice fed during pregnancy and lactation water or 50% water-alcoholic extract of Rhodiola kirilowii, were significantly lower (p<0.05) than apoptotic cells counts observed in the control mice. No significant differences in the counts of IL-7-positive cells in the thymuses obtained from progeny of the control mice and mothers treated with water or hydro-alcohol extracts of Rhodiola kirilowii were observed.
Mastitis remains a major cause of economic losses in dairy herds. It is believed, that the enhancement of natural defense mechanisms in mammary gland may be helpful in the treatment of bovine mastitis. Our study was designed to assess the apoptosis of leukocytes isolated from bovine milk during subclinical staphylococcal mastitis. Milk samples were collected from cows naturally infected with one pathogen - Staphylococcus aureus and from animals with mastitis caused by several pathogens, including S. aureus. It has been determined that the rate of apoptosis was lower in mastitic milk, as compared with control samples, although varied significantly between groups. High percentage of apoptotic cells was detected in milk with high counts of pathogenic bacteria. In all groups the rate of apoptosis was dependent on the bacterial load, although various correlations were identified. Thus, it is postulated, that the rate of apoptosis of somatic cells in mastitic milk is related to the etiology of infection and is determined by the bacterial load.
The mannosylated lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) from mycobacterial species possesses strong immunomodulatory effects. Here we examined the ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ManLAM to interfere with the apoptotic response of mouse monocyte cell line, RAW 264.7 infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG Danish strain. Incubation of BCG-infected monocytes with ManLAM decreased production of NO and the numbers of apoptotic cells which synergized with the polarization of mitochondrial membrane. Activities of caspase-1, -3, -8 and 9 followed pattern of apoptosis suppression by ManLAM, except for caspase-1, which showed no significant change in activity. ManLAM also stabilized anti-apoptotic ratio of bcl-2/bax expression in BCG-infected cells and blocked activation of Fas/FasL-induced pathway of apoptosis. Thus, ManLAM, apart from blocking mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, may induce several other pathways regulating apoptotic response in BCG-infected mouse monocytes.
The mannosylated lipoarabinomanan (ManLAM) from mycobacterial species possesses strong anti-apoptotic action. Here we examined the ability of ManLAM isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv to alter expression profiles of apoptosis-related genes in mouse macrophages infected with Mycobacterium bovis BCG Danish strain. ManLAM suppressed BCG-induced apoptosis and activities of caspase -1, -3, -8 and 9. Mouse Apoptosis Gene Array showed that ManLAM significantly down-regulated pro-apoptotic and proinflammatory genes: caspase -1, -3, -7, -8 and -9, TNF-α/TNFSF2, Fas/TNFRSF6, Bax-α, as well as IL-12 p35 and iNOS simultaneously up-regulating anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl-2 and Mcl-1. The effect of ManLAM was contrary to BCG-induced up-regulation of pro-apoptotic and pro-inflammatory genes and consistent with the functional data.
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