The main purpose of this paper was to present ammonia (NH₃) emissions from agriculture, on a regional scale, in 2017, and identify recommendable agricultural practices limiting ammonia emissions. The methodology used to estimate emissions was based on the approach of the National Centre for Emissions Management (KOBiZE). Analyses were based on statistical data of Statistics Poland (GUS), from 2017. The results of the conducted study showed significant spatial differentiation of ammonia emissions from agriculture. The region of Wielkopolska had the highest NH₃ emissions at a level of 34.5 kg NH₃ per ha UAA. Lower ammonia emissions were identified in the following regions: Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Łódzkie, Mazowieckie, Podlaskie and Warmińsko-Mazurskie, between 20.3-24.7 kg NH₃/ha UAA. In total ammonia emissions from agriculture, in Poland, 76.8% constituted emissions from the management of natural fertilisers. The Wielkopolskie and Podlaskie voivodships have a majority share in the emissions of ammonia from animal production – 29.1 and 21.3 kg NH₃/ha UAA, respectively. Whereas, ammonia emissions from plant production in 2017 was 66 Gg, which equals 4.6 kg NH₃/ha UAA. The highest emission of ammonia from plant production was detected in the Kujawsko-Pomorskie, Opolskie and Dolnośląskie voivodships, in regions characterized by the most intensive crop production. Estimated emissions were 6.9, 6.2 and 6.0 kg NH₃/ha UAA, respectively. A reduction of ammonia emissions from agriculture can be obtained through the proper maintenance of livestock and natural fertilisers, and the implementation of low-carbon methods of the application of mineral nitrogen fertilizer.
Celem artykułu jest oszacowanie potencjału energetycznego biomasy ubocznej z produkcji rolniczej (słoma, siano, nawozy naturalne) na terenie województwa lubelskiego. Wskazano także potencjał energetyczny możliwy do pozyskania z kukurydzy, jako kosubstratu w produkcji biogazu. Przeprowadzone szacunki wykazały, że potencjał energetyczny biomasy ubocznej z produkcji roślinnej kształtuje się na poziomie 26 966,6 TJ/rok. Na terenie województwa można także pozyskać 195 350,8 dam3/rok biogazu, którego energię można przekształcić w 5 586,4 TJ/rok energii cieplnej lub 1241 GWh/ rok energii elektrycznej.
Dokonano analizy dostępnej bazy surowcowej do produkcji biogazu rolniczego w ujęciu regionalnym. Substraty do produkcji biogazu to m.in. odchody zwierzęce (gnojowica) oraz kukurydza na kiszonkę. Najbardziej predysponowanymi do budowy mikrobiogazowni o mocy 50-100 kWe wykorzystującymi jako substrat wyłącznie kiszonkę kukurydzy są województwa: dolnośląskie, lubuskie, pomorskie, warmińsko- -mazurskie, wielkopolskie i zachodniopomorskie. W gminach skupionych w tych województwach istnieje także możliwość budowy mikrobiogazowni wykorzystujących do produkcji biogazu kosubstrat (70% kiszonka kukurydzy i 30% gnojowica).
The current study presents status and the need for improvement of the land distribution of family agricultural holdings in Poland. The assessment of the distribution of farm lands in the area between 1 and 300 ha has been made according to the 2013 data and provided by the Polish Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA). Our analysis included totally app. 750,000 of family agricultural holdings. The evaluation of land consolidation was based on the two regional criteria proposed by the Regional Offices of Geodesy and Agricultural Areas, i.e. the plot size and the number of plots within individual family farms. The family agricultural holdings, that are included to the Polish system of agricultural support, have an average land area of around 16.0 ha, and this refers to around 6 cadastral plots with an average acreage of app. 3.0 ha. The need of land consolidation was estimated to be at the level of app. 7.1 million ha (this corresponds to 69.14% of total agricultural area land in Poland). The problem occurs in the entire country, but the worst situation is in the southern, south-eastern and central Poland. The implementation of the land consolidation and farmland exchange procedures within the Programme RDP (Rural Development Programme) in the period 2007-2013 stood at the level of 13,600 ha annually, thus the area of unfavourable land distribution was not reduced significantly. According to our evaluations the land consolidation should involve at least 50,000 ha annually to improve in real terms the distribution of agricultural plots in Poland.
Nitrogen fertilization of agricultural crops increases nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soils. The data used in this study were obtained from a long-term field experiment for corn, winter wheat and rapeseed cultivated on loam and sandy loam soils, and fertilized with the recommended nitrogen doses (kg N ha1 ) of 150, 120 and 150, respectively. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between yield-scaled N₂O emissions (Eys) and nitrogen yield (Yn), as well as nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen surplus (Ns). It was found that the provisionally determined desired yield values (Yn>80 kg N ha⁻¹), NUE (50-90%) and N surplus (Ns<80 kg N ha⁻¹) can be considered as nitrogen utilization efficiency characteristics, reducing yield-scaled N₂O emissions. Our study showed that these emissions for desired parameters Yn, NUE and Ns were ≤25.6, 28.3-18.6 and ≤30.9 g N₂O_N kg Yn⁻¹, respectively. Estimated Eys were 1.5-2.6 time higher than the minimum emission and 2.2-3.6 times lower than the maximum emission recorded in the analyzed data series. In conclusion, the reduction of nitrogen surplus in our field experiment, significant for environmental protection, did not result in loss of crop yields; on the contrary, it led to their growth.
Until the marketization of economy in 1990, practically there was no unutilised agricultural land in Poland. After the political transformation, the use of marginal land and part of small agricultural parcels located in areas of better soil agricultural suitability became unprofitable for economic reasons. Despite the reform of Polish agriculture, the problem of not using a large part of agricultural land is constantly present. There are currently no detailed data available on the actual scale of regionalisation and the structure of the landuse abandonment in Poland. Due to the above, the objective of this study is to fill knowledge gaps on this phenomenon. Analyses were performed based on cadastral maps for the whole country. It is the first comprehensive and detailed study of this issue, giving the full review of the regionalisation of abandoned land. Unutilised land defined as: cadastral parcels located on rural land, which is not declared as production area by farmers. The study has shown that currently in Poland more than 2.7 million ha of agricultural land is not declared by the farmers as area for agricultural activity. This assessment includes 2.03 million ha of unutilized areas of effective production (parcels > 0.3 ha), which constitutes 14.2% of the overall agricultural area. A significant proportion of the unutilised agricultural land constitute medium and high productivity soils: 59.7 thousand ha of class III, 73.87 thousand ha of class IIIa, 116.6 thousand ha of class IIIb, 240 thousand ha of class IV, 225 thousand ha of class IVa, 221 thousand ha of class IVb. Analyses showed clear regionalisation of the problem of unused potential in the agricultural production area. This situation is particularly visible in Małopolskie, Podkarpackie, Świętokrzyskie, Śląskie, and part of Mazowieckie voivodeships.
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