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Quantitative analysis of the waking EEG has been proposed as an objective method for measuring neurobehavioral impairment in primary insomnia. Thirty six patients with DSM-IV primary insomnia diagnosis (mean age 36 years) and 29 controls, matched for age and education, participated in the study. Waking EEG from 21 scalp electrodes was subjected to spectral analyses using a fast Fourier transform algorithm. Significantly lower values of power in the theta range and higher values of beta power were found in insomniacs as compared to control subjects. This theta power decrease in patients suffering from insomnia was not uniform throughout the brain, but it was pronounced in prefrontal derivations. Lower values of theta power correlated negatively and higher values of beta power correlated postively with Hyperarousal Scale score. Results of the research presented here support the notion of twenty-four hour hyperarousal in primary insomnia. Attenuated theta and enhanced beta power can be electrophysiological correlates of dysfunctional arousal in insomnia. Less waking theta power in insomniacs suggests a decrease in homeostatic sleep propensity.
The aim of our study was to characterize the dynamics of heart rate variability (HRV) during sleep in healthy subjects and in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Present results were compared with earlier data obtained in healthy subjects (1) performing intermittent voluntary apneas. Power spectra in low (LF) and high (HF) frequency band and non linear indices: correlation dimension (CD) and recurrence plots were computed. New indices were applied: a beat-to beat control (BBC) for the assessment of cardiovascular regulatory mechanisms as cardiac, vascular or mixed type control and COT for quantification of relative contribution of cardiac and vascular component in blood pressure variability. During Wake stage in OSAS patients mean LF component was augmented (0.035 s2/Hz) comparing to healthy subjects (0.012 s2/Hz). Nonlinear indices suggest reduced HRV dynamics complexity in OSAS patients. Similar pattern could be observed when comparing LF component, CD and recurrence parameters during spontaneous breathing and in consecutive voluntary apneas. The results correlate with 20% increase in BBC vascular control type and COT inversion form +0.08 to - 0.12. Changes in BBC and COT along with power spectra and nonlinear dynamics indices appear to signal risk and/or initiation of arterial hypertension in OSAS patients.
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Pharmaco-EEG analysis by means of FFT and FAD

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Szelenberger, W., Skalski, M., Franaszczuk, P., Mitraszewski, P. and Blinowska K.: Pharmaco-EEG analysis by means of FFT and FAD. Acta physiol. pol., 1989, 40 (4): 423-430. The EEG effects of a single oral dose of diazepam, amitriptyline and pernazine were studied in 26 healthy volunteers. The EEG analysis was performed by means of FFT and a new parametric method FAD. The results indicate that the FAD method reveals drug changes significantly more often than does the FFT analysis and that the medication effects are more clearly defined by the FAD: The method can be useful in the assessment of the subtle effects of the psychotropic drugs.
Anxiety disorders are a social problem due to their prevalence and consequences. It is crucial to explore the influence of anxiety on cognitive processes. In this study we recorded EEG activity from 73 subjects (35 patients, 38 controls, matched for age and education) during performance of the Continuous Attention Task. We used low resolution electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) for evaluation of mechanisms of impaired cognitive performance in anxiety disorders. Analysis showed that patients with anxiety disorders committed more errors than the controls, had a short latency of P300 and higher amplitude of ERPs at all steps of stimulus processing. Furthermore, we showed that there was a relationship between the scores of Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Beck Depression Inventory, and amplitudes and latencies of ERPs. The results of LORETA analysis showed that enhanced neural responses were found within circuits mediating visual information processing, sustained attention and anxiety. Also, we found higher current density within areas playing an important role in the brain fear network – anterior cingulate and anterior part of insula. Electrophysiological neuroimaging showed greater recruitment of cognitive resources in anxiety disorders, evidenced by higher current density and activation of greater number of brain areas. Despite the strategy employed to compensate for cognitive problems, the anxiety patients did not achieve the same performance as controls. Present study demonstrates that anxiety disorders influence processing of neutral stimuli and this influence is observable at both behavioral and electrophysiological level. The data suggests instability of neural systems responsible for information selection, working memory, engagement and focusing of attention.
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