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The maintenance of Borrelia burgdorferi s.1. in the environment is dependent on the zoonotic cycle involving tick vectors and certain reservoir hosts. It is well known, that the same species of wild rodents, as well as the vector Ixodes ricinus, are often co-infected with at least two genomospecies of B. burgdorferi s.1.: B. afzelii and B. garinii. The ticks collected from two rodent species: Clethrionomys glareolus and Apodemus flavicollis were examined for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.1., as well as for B. garinii and B. afzelii. In this study, an immunofluorescent antibody assay (lFA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were used. The high level of infestation in rodents (90% for C. glareolus and nearly 100% for A. flavicollis) shows that wild rodents are important hosts of the immature stages of I. ricinus. A high percent of Borrelia positive ticks collected from bank voles and yellow necked mice; above 7% determined by 1FA and 2% determined by PCR, elearly revealed that these species of animals are competent zoonotic reservoirs of B. burgdorferi s.l.
Blood parasites of Chaffinches caught from June to October near Łuknajno Lake (Mazurian Lakeland) were studied. Only parasites belonging to the genera Haemoproteus were found. A decrease in prevalence as the season progressed was observed. No differences in blood parasite infections in relation to the sex of the birds were found. Also males body weight was not affected by the presence of parasites.
We examined a total of 73 Microtus arvalis, 168 Clethrionomys glareolus and 17 Apodemus flavicollis trapped in the Mazury Lakes district of North-Eastern Poland, in the spring, summer and autumn of 1998. Three M. arvalis, (2 in summer and 1 in autumn) carried Ehrlichia sp. (overall prevalence = 4.1%), whereas infection was not detected in the other rodent species. We hypothesize that Ixodes ricinus (the most common tick in the region) with which the animals were heavily infested, constitutes the likely natural vector for this pathogen and that M. arvalis are its natural reservoir.
The results of a longitudinal epidemiological survey in two contrasting habitats in an area of the Mazury Lakes district of Poland indicate that both host and vector (Ixodes ricinus) densities, may be the most important risk factors for the tick-transmitted spirochetes of Borrelia burgdirferi s.l. However, the results also highlight that even related host species, such as the wild rodents Apodemus flavicollis and Clethrionomys glareolus that share the same habitat, can show quite different dynamics of tick infestation. We provide evidence that the woodland populations of A. flavicollis and C. glareolus are more frequently infested with larvae than nymphs, and more frequently with both stages than M. arvalis in the neighbouring open fallow lands. The prevalence of infestation with larvae varied from 92% for A. flavicollis, and 76% for C. glareolus to 37% for M. arvalis. Other factors, such as population age structure and sex, were also shown to impact on tick densities on hosts at particular times of the year and hence on the zoonotic risk. Moreover, particular species of rodents from different habitats, A. flavicollis (woodlands) and Microtus arvalis (fallow lands) carry infected immature I. ricinus ticks more frequently than C. glareolus voles (woodlands). Thus, the relative contribution of each species to the cumulative reservoir competence differs among species living in the woodland habitats and in relation to voles living in the fallow lands. It follows, therefore, that any factor which reduces the relative density of A. flavicollis in comparison to other hosts in the wild rodent community, will reduce also the risk of human exposure to Lyme borreliosis spirochetes.
The aim of the study was to contribute the knowledge about the coincidence and species selectivity of bird parasites. The subject of our study were Chaffinches captured in Masurian Lake region (NE Poland) from 1996 to 1998. Each bird caught was visually examined for the presence of ticks. Birds' droppings and small volumes of birds' blood were collected in order to ascertain the presence of coccidia and blood parasites. Additionally the presence of bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi — the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis in birds' blood was measured with the nested-polymerase chain reaction method. In total amount of 225 Chaffinches were captured. 44% of them were infested by ticks belonging to Ixodes ricinus species (larvae and nymphs) only. Coccidia from genus Isospora were found in 80% (n = 35) of birds. Protozoans from genus Haemoproteus were ascertained in 53% (n = 59) of Chaffinches and bacteria B. burgdorferi was found in 12.7% (n = 166) of the birds. Three groups of parasites (I. ricinus, Isospora sp., Haemoproteus sp.) were found together in 26% (n = 38) of Chaffinches whereas only 5% of the birds had no parasite infection.
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