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The main role of iron is being part of haemoglobin, whose level it stabilizes; however, iron also plays a very important role in immunological processes and the metabolism of the organism. Hepcidin is a peptide hormone. It was first isolated from human blood and urine, and its release was attributed to the liver. A failure to produce hepcidin is related to iron overload, while its excessive production to anaemia caused by iron deficit. The releasing of hepcidin also affects hypoxia and inflammation through inhibiting these processes in patients with haemochromatosis. There are three forms of the regulation of the iron level: the first is a regulation in cellular storages, the second is erythropoiesis and the third is a dietary regulator. Hepcidin was identified as a regulator which communicates the level of iron reserves in the organism to intestine cells responsible for the absorption of iron. In inflammatory conditions, when the organism wishes to cause alimentary iron deficit, hepcidin production increases even a hundred fold, thus leading to anaemia. Hepcidin is also a stimulator of inflammation as an antibacterial factor produced in the liver parenchyma. It decreases the absorption of iron in the intestines and increases the secretion of iron to the reticuloendothelial system. Experiments on animals deprived of hepcidin and animals with its excess make it possible to understand iron homeostasis and confirm the role of hepcidin as a hormone regulating iron metabolism.
The aim of the performed investigations was to evaluate the cadmium content in the kidneys and liver of free-living European bisons in the Bia³owie¿a forest. The cadmium content was determined in the kidneys and livers of 20 animals (14 females, 6 males; 15 calves of up to one year of age and 5 animals older than 2 years). Cadmium was analysed by the ICP-OES method in an accredited laboratory; after homogenisation, samples were mineralised in a microwave apparatus in Teflon® containers, under pressure in nitric acid. The obtained results are presented in Tables 1-3. The mean value of cadmium in the kidneys amounted to 1.82 and in the liver to 0.83 mg/kg of fresh tissue. No significant sex-dependant differences were observed. However, significant differences were noted depending on the animal’s age, older animals cumulating more cadmium both in the kidneys and liver.
Rubidium is an alkaline metal with exceptional chemical activity. Together with lithium, sodium, potassium and cesium, it belongs to group I of the periodic table of elements. The aim of this study was to provide data on the rubidium content in normal mammary gland tissue and adenocarcinomas and to elucidate the effects of altered homeostasis on this element in the course of mammary gland neoplastic disease in dogs. The investigation was performed to confirm the hypothesis put forward in human research that this metal is cumulated in neoplastic tumours of the mammary gland. The research material included post mortem collected healthy mammary glands of bitches and mammary gland neoplastic tumours obtained during routine surgical treatments as well as during necropsies. The content of rubidium was determined by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. The highest rubidium content was observed in the tissues with neoplastic lesions, where it averaged 10.72 mg kg–1 wet mass. In the healthy tissues, the content of this metal was on a much lower level. The mean rubidium concentration in mammary glands without pathological changes was 1.91 m kg–1 wet mass. The statistical analysis showed a significant difference (P=0.01) in the rubidium content between the investigated groups. Higher rubidium concentrations were observed in the tissues with neoplastic lesions. This phenomenon is similar to disturbances of the ionic balance observed in the case of breast cancer in women.
The objective of the presented study was to compare rubidium concentration in different organs of bitches, depending on their health state. Samples of muscles, liver, and kidneys collected post mortem from 45 animals, at the age of 1-8 years, were examined. Chemical analysis was conducted using the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy method. The contents of rubidium in particular organs varied from 2.07 to 4.52, from 1.25 to 3.81, and from 1.32 to 3.78 mg‧kg⁻¹ of wet weight for muscle, kidney, and liver samples, respectively. The highest values were observed in animals with neoplastic disease and the lowest in healthy animals. These differences were highly statistically significant.
The aim of the investigation was to confirm the hypothesis put forward in human research that copper is cumulated in the neoplastic tumours of the mammary gland. The research material included the post mortem collected healthy mammary glands of bitches and mammary gland neoplastic tumours obtained during routine surgical treatments. The histopathological examinations revealed that among tumours of epithelial origin, the most frequent were adenocarcinomas, which comprised 64% of all neoplastic lesions. The second group included carcinomas - 26%, whereas 10% were the tumours of mesenchymal origin. The lowest copper content was observed in healthy mammary glands. In the tissues with neoplastic lesions, the content of copper was at a much higher level. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (P≤0.05) in the copper content between the investigated groups. The performed analyses showed that mammary gland neoplasms cumulate copper ions, and a much higher concentration of this element is observed in the tumours of epithelial origin.
Respecting EU cross-compliance requirements as an indicator of animal welfare on dairy farms in Poland.The aim of the study was to determine the level of animal welfare on dairy farms in Poland and to compare the measured parameters with the cross-compliance requirements. The study was conducted on 46 farms in the winter season. The microclimate measurements such as air moisture content, concentrations ofselected air pollutantsand the brightness of the room has been taken. A comparison of cattle housing systems on bedding and on the slatted floor has been examined.The barns were divided into four groups, depending on the size of the herd: 10-20 cows (12 barns), 21-40 cows (22 barns), 41-60 cows (7 barns), and 100-180 cows (5 barns), respectively. The largest group consisted of haerds housing 21-40 cows, which represented 48% of all herds involved in the study. Of all the barns that used slatted floors or bedding, we selected three largest herds each in order to compare hygienic parameters between both types of housing. The main findings were as follows: (1)The concentration of selected air pollutantsin most of the barns did not deviate from the recommendations of the (Polish)National Research Institute of Animal Production.(2) The concentration of selected air pollutantswas lower in barns where the cattle was kept on slatted floors. (3)The cattle housed on slatted floors also had better lighting conditions. (4.) Smaller herds of dairy cows were found to have relative air humidity conditions. (5) In 81% of farms, air humidity in the premises remained within the animal welfare standards.
The aim of the study was to estimate the level of welfare parameters in calf-rearing holdings and compare them with the cross-compliance requirements. The study was conducted in 46 farms in the winter season. The microclimate measurements, such as: moisture content, concentrations of harmful gases and the brightness of the room, has been taken in calf barns. It has been checked whether the system of calves keeping corresponds with regulations EU. The study allowed assessment of housing conditions of the calves.
Copper is an essential trace element which determines the normal functioning of animal organisms. Copper plays a role in cellular metabolism, e.g. as an activator of numerous enzymes, hormones and vitamins. It is essential for the growth and development process in animals. An appropriate level of copper in the animal diet is important, as both deficiencies and excess levels of copper lead to undesirable effects. The mean copper concentration in the liver of ruminants from the Mazovia region was found to be 20.02 mgkg-1wet weight in the liver and 3.97 in the kidney, while in carnivores it was 20.91 mgkg-1wet weight in the liver and 2.76 mg kg-1 wet weight in the kidney. The lowest mean concentration of copper was noted in the muscles, with values of 1.43 and 0.84 mgkg-1wet weight for ruminants and carnivores, respectively.
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