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Professor Mirosław Mossakowski, was a leading fi gure in neuropathology and neuroscience in Poland. For more than three decades he remained active in the study of various neurological disorders. Foremost was his brilliant early work on the morphological changes of neural cells exposed to ammonia, copper and sera from patients with hepatic encephalopathy, highlighting the critical role of astrocytes in the mechanism of this disorder. The biology and pathology of glial cells studied from the morphological and biochemical points of view, the observation of primary fi brillary gliosis, were particularly innovative. His studies of neurodegenerative diseases brought the opportunity to observe and published fi rst the description of the coexistence of lipid storage diseases and leucodystrophies. His work on cerebral ischemia brought about one of the fi rst demonstrations of imbalance between glycogen synthesis and metabolism in the CNS. In addition to his considerable scientifi c contributions, he extended his inexhaustible energy and untiring devotion to the promotion of neuroscience and neuropathology. Professor Mossakowski served for two terms as a vice-president of the International Society of Neuropathology and on the editorial boards of many journals. He received many prestigious awards and nominations. Professor Mossakowski was a kind and generous man, a superb teacher, and role model. He will be sorely missed by all who were fortunate to experience his matchless wit, knowledge and wisdom.
In physiological conditions proteolytic remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) participates in the stem cells development. Signal derived from ECM may activate specifi c intracellular signaling pathways which involve focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a key component responsible for the fl ow of information to the cell. In our study we checked if there is a spatial and temporal relationship between activity of two matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and neural stem-cell development in gerbil hippocampus 1, 2 and 4 weeks after short-term global ischemia. Furthermore we also investigate the activation of FAK. Our results show that after the ischemia there is a signifi cant increase in the number of proliferating cells in DG which correlates with the activation of MMPs. Whereas in the damaged CA1 pyramidal layer MMP-2 and -9 activity decreases as a result of delayed death of neurons. In the same region we have also noticed a few immature neurons (NF-200 positive) 2 and 4 weeks after reperfusion, however they did not attain maturity. On the other hand we have noticed higher MMPs activity in the astrocytes surrounding the CA1 region. The diverse localization of MMP-2 and -9 activity in both cell types may be due to their different functions – fi rstly with the proliferation of newborn cells and secondly with the creation of the environment while the formation of post injury glial scar. Supported by MSRHE grants: 1266/P01/2006/31
Accumulating evidence indicate that global cerebral ischemia enhanced neurogenesis in adult brain. The mechanism(s) responsible for the arising a new neurons from progenitor cells are poorly understood. Recent in vitro studies indicate the involvement of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells, by providing an environment, which is instructive and/or permissive to stem cells activation. To elucidate if MMPs participate in neurogenesis-associated processes after ischemic insult in vivo, we aimed to establish spatial and temporal relationships between neural stem cells development and the modulations of MMPs enzymatic activity in the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus as well as in the ischemia damaged CA1 sector. Our results show that postischemic acceleration of progenitor proliferation in dentate gyrus is accompanied by the increase of MMPs activity. It may indicate that activation of MMPs is likely to be involved in neurogenesis-associated processes. Contrary, the endogenous neurogenesis in the ischemia damaged CA1 pyramidal layer seems to be rather elusive. Despite the appearance of BrdUpositive cells and the newborn neurons they did not attain maturity. Simultaneously, the activity of MMPs in this area was markedly reduced. The increase of MMPs activity seen in the astrocytes in the neighboring structures ñ stratum oriens and stratum radiatum, probably plays a role in delayed tissue remodeling and delayed repair processes. In conclusion, our results show that MMPs may, at least in part, contribute to ischemia-induced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult brain, along with other previously reported factors. This work was supported by MSHE grant 1266/P01/2006/31
The aim of the study was the production of chicken polyclonal antibodies recognising hamster IL-4, IL-12p35, and IFN-γ, which were further used to estimate cytokine concentrations in splenocyte culture supernatants, obtained from three age groups of Ancylostoma ceylanicum infected hamsters. Worm burdens differed significantly among age groups; the younger animals were the more heavily infected. Th1 and Th2 type cytokines were detected only in cultures containing spleen cells from the oldest hamsters, which were the most resistant to hookworm infection. In cultures of cells from young more susceptible hamsters, the presence of IL-4 and IL-12 but not IFN-γ were observed.
Accumulating evidence indicates that cerebral ischemia enhances neurogenesis in the adult brain. The mechanisms responsible for stem-cell development are poorly understood. Recent in vitro studies indicate the involvement of metalloproteinase (MMPs) in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. To elucidate if MMPs participate in neurogenesis-associated processes after ischemic insult, we aimed to establish spatial and temporal relationships between neural stem-cell development and the activity of MMPs in the adult brain hippocampus. Our results show that post ischemic acceleration in the proliferation of progenitors in the dentate gyrus is accompanied by increased activity of MMPs. On the contrary, in the damaged CA1 pyramidal layer the neurogenesis seems to be rather elusive. Simultaneously, the activity of MMPs fell below the control level. In conclusion, our results show that the activation of MMPs may, at least in part, contribute to ischemia-induced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the adult brain.
Studies in experimental stroke demonstrate that cerebral ischemic injury promotes neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus. Spontaneously occurring injury-induced neurogenesis is insufficient to fully reverse disease pathophysiology. Exogenous neural progenitors transplanted into damaged brain might be useful for facilitating the repair of damaged tissue by instructing several endogenous processes. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms stimulating cell proliferation and mediating the migration of arising neuroblasts towards the ischemic boundary still remain to be characterized. Building evidence suggests that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) seem to play a role in neurogenesis-associated processes, providing an environment which may be instructive or permissive to stem cells activation. The overall goal of our present studies was to examine whether HUCB-NSC transplantation modulates migration of endogenous progenitor cells and MMPs activity in adult rat brain after focal ischemia. Methods: 2x104 neural stem cells from human cord blood (HUCB-NSC) were transplanted into corpus callosum of naive or focally injured (induced by 1µl/50nmol OUA injection) rat brain. At 1, 3, 7 and 14 days rat brains were removed. Then immunocytochemical analysis of doublecortin (DCX) (marker expressed by immature migratory neuroblasts) and in situ zymography of MMPs activity was performed. Results: OUA-induced brain lesion resulted in increase of DCX+ cells in SVZ and SGZ in comparison to intact rats. This response has been potentiated by HUCBNSC transplantation. Moreover, the activation of MMPs in cells was visible in SVZ. At 7th day after HUCB-NSC transplantation the intense migration of DCX+ cells from SVZ towards ischemic boundary regions of the striatum was observed. Double-labeling showed co-localization of DCX marker with MMPs activity. The presence of MMPs appeared to be associated with cell nuclei and cytoplasm but interestingly it was also seen outside the cell bodies and in the neuronal protrusions. Conclusions: Proteolytic activity of MMPs in extracellular compartment suggests its ability to remodel extracellular matrix and facilitate migration of neuroblasts to the damaged brain areas. The localization of MMPs in cell nuclei implies the involvement of these proteases in proteolytical activation of pro-neural gene transcription. Supported by MSHE grant no N401 014235.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of proteolytic enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and carry out key functions during brain development. Apart from a physiological role, excessive activation of MMPs in brain tissue has been postulated to represent a pathway for cell death arising from ischemia. To evaluate the possible involvement of MMPs in the perinatal brain asphyxia, we exposed 7-day-old rats to hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Unilateral HI was administered by ligation of the common carotid artery followed by hypoxia (7.4% O2/92.6% N2) for 65 minutes. This insult is known to produce brain damage confined to the cerebral hemisphere ipsilateral to the arterial occlusion in > 90% of animals. HI resulted in a significant elevation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity in the ipsilateral forebrain. The maximum activation was found at 48 hours and 7-14 days after the insult. These results suggest that early and late induction of MMPs may play a role in neuronal death as well as in repair processes. The treatment of animals subjected to HI with 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA), the anti-inflammatory agent, led to the inhibition of MMP-9 in an acute phase of ischemic damage and to the activation of MMP-2 in the later stages after injury. The timing of MMPs modulation by MNA may indicate its possible therapeutic implications.
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