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Celem badań przeprowadzonych w latach 1997-2002 było porównanie zachwaszczenia i plonowania pszenicy jarej nawożonej według zasad rolnictwa ekologicznego oraz sposobami konwencjonalnymi. Stwierdzono, że kompost ograniczał wiosenne wschody chwastów, natomiast nawożenie azotem w okresie wiosennym wpływało na zwiększenie ich obsady. Preparaty biodynamiczne sprzyjały ograniczaniu zachwaszczenia wiosną oraz w pełni wegetacji. Nawożenie ekologiczne istotnie zmniejszyło plony ziarna pszenicy jarej.
Ground beetle fauna of 35 nature reserves in the Łódź Province is summarized based on the literature data and unpublished records. For all studied reserves new faunistic data are presented, including first records of Carabidae for eight of them. In total, 140 ground beetle species (27.22% of Polish fauna and 54% of species recorded in the area of the Łódź Province) are noted from 35 (39%) nature reserves located in the Łodź Province. Moreover, it has been found, that the reserves "Rawka" and "Spala" encompass some of the highest Carabidae species richness noted among the all Polish nature reserves. Among the beetles recorded in the studied nature reserves, there are 16 species protected by Polish law, including 13 species of Carabus L. and 3 of Calosoma Web., what means 50% of Polish fauna and 76.19% of protected carabid species occurring in the Łódź Province. Twelve species are included in the Polish Red Data List: three species as critically endangered (CR) (Badister dorsiges, Patrobus australis, Trechus austriacus), one as endangered (EN) (Carabus clatratus), two as vulnerable (VU) (Odacantha melanura and Oodes helopioides), four as near threatened (NT) (Calosoma sycophanta, Carabus convexus, Diachromus germanus, and Omophron limbatum), one as least concern (LC) (Carabus intricatus), and one in "data deficient" category (DD) (Broscus cephaloles). High number of Carabidae species recorded on a relatively very small area of investigated nature reserves (in total only 0.29% of the Łódź Province) proves their importance in the conservation of species diversity of Carabidae in Poland.
The purpose of this paper was determination of the effect of meat and bone meal applied without and with effective microorganisms compared with manure fertilization, mineral fertilizers or lack of fertilization on grain true protein content and composition of spring wheat cv. Nawra and Tybalt. The five-year studies (2005-2009) with crop rotation were conducted in Bałcyny at the Experimental and Plant Production Station near Ostróda. It was observed, that the applied fertilization with NPK as well as with manure and meat and bone meal in doses from 1.0 to 2.5 t·ha-1 affected the significant increase in protein content in grain of the studied spring wheat cv. Tybalt in 2009. Under the effect of the applied meat and bone meal, mainly the gliadin and glutenin content in spring wheat grain of both cultivars increased. The most beneficial influence on protein composition (high percentage participation of constitutional and storage proteins in relation to the total protein content) had fertilization with 1.5 t·ha-1 dose of meat and bone meal.
A possible way to maintain the right level of soil fertility involves using some waste as fertilizer, provided its composition does not violate the pertinent local safety standards. There is currently considerable interest in using meat industry waste, both raw and processed, e.g. meat and bone meal. An experiment on meat and bone meal (MBM) was conducted from 2007-2009 at the research station in Bałcyny (53°36′ N, 19°51′ E), Poland. The aim was to determine the effect of meat and bone meal (MBM) on the content of selected micronutrients in soil as well as in winter and spring wheat grain and in of winter oilseed rape seeds. The effect of MBM fertilizer applied at doses of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 t ha-1 was compared with mineral fertilization or no fertilization. The experiment did not show any effect of the growing MBM doses on the concentration of micronutrients in soil. As a result of using higher doses of MBM (1.5, 2.0 t ha-1), the content of Cu in 2009 and of Zn in 2007 considerably decreased (2.0 and 2.5 t ha-1). Fertilization with MBM at 2.5 t ha-1 improved the quality of winter wheat grain by increasing the content of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. In most cases, the application of MBM increased the content of micronutrients in the grain of spring wheat and seeds of winter rape, although this has not always been confirmed statistically. An analysis of the micronutrient contents revealed a significant decrease in Zn and Fe in winter wheat grain and in Zn in winter oilseed rape seeds as the content of these elements in the soil increased. Regarding the relationship between the Zn content in soil and in seeds of winter oilseed rape, the coefficient of determination was the closest to the coefficient of linear correlation (R2 = 0.931). It was only in 2008 that an increase in the Cu content in winter oilseed rape seeds was determined to have increased parallel to an increase in the micronutrient content in soil. Although the chemical content of MBM implicates its good fertilizer value, the study failed to demonstrate a clearly defined impact of the increased MBM doses on the content of the analysed elements in the soil. This may be attributed to the increase in the bioavailable nitrogen forms, which constitute part of the sorption complex. Their bioavailability may also be subject to mutual relationships among elements, which may act antagonistically (Fe and Mn, Ca and Zn).
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