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Using the vegetationvessel trials with soil naturally contaminated with Zn, Pb and Cd, the effect of sodium humate was observed, after placement into the soil, as exerted on the content of heavy metals and the yields of vegetable crops. Following vegetable species were included: lettuce, kohlrabi, carrot and paprika. The effect of applied humate was found highly significant in the yields of lettuce and kohlrabi, specifically: The content of zinc decreased in the plants, the decrease was the greater depending on their reaction with the respective heavy metal in the soil. The strongest effect on decreasing the contents of Zn and Cd was observed in the lettuce and kohlrabi plants, while in the carrot and paprika plants its effect on the content of heavy metals was weak. In contrast to Zn and Cd the sodium humate decreased the content of lead in lettuce only. According to the ratio of humic acids to fulvic acids it is possible to utilize humate in the first two years following its application, for the purpose of decreasing the Zn, Cd and Pb contents.
Selenium is a trace element which in small amounts is necessary for human and animal nutrition. In a living organism, it helps a number of antioxidant enzymes to function normally. In many parts of the world, including the Central European region, its content in agricultural products is very low. Attempts are therefore made to increase its content and cover human requirements with biologically valuable products by incorporating selenium into the system of plant nutrition. In a vegetation trial established in 2008 and 2009, we explored the effect of foliar applications of Se(IV) on yields and on its content in seeds and the uptake of selenium by a poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) stand. Selenium was applied at a rate of 300 g ha–1 during the stage of the end of elongation growth and after the fall of blossoms. Poppy yields were significantly influenced by the weather in the experimental years. In the dry year of 2009, poppy production was 40.6% lower than in 2008. Selenium application at the end of elongation growth reduced poppy seed yields by an average of 11.5%. Late supplementary nutrition at the stage after blossom fall also reduced yields (by 11.8%). Owing to the effect of extra-root Se nutrition, the content of selenium in poppy seeds increased highly significantly from 139 μg kg–1 to 757 μg kg–1 of seeds. Also the uptake of selenium by the poppy stand was significant and after foliar application it increased 4.8 times.
In 2001 and 2002 the small-plots field trial was established on a medium heavy soil in Žabčice with one variety of spring barley (Kompakt). Better yields of spring barley were observed after winter wheat than after maize. In the year 2001 highest yields at average were reached on fourth variant (Tables 2 and 3), but the content of proteins in grain in all variants exceeded 12.5 % as a consequence of unfavourable weather. In the year 2002 the best yield was reached on third variant and the content of proteins in grain was good at all variants. The content of nutrients and dry matter was influenced by the preceding crops (it was in relation to Nmin in soil and the mineralization rate of postharvest plant residues); faster increase of dry matter was observed after winter wheat, slower after maize.
W doświadczeniu wazonowym badano wpływ nawozu organiczno-mineralnego (OMF) na plony roślin sałaty, kalarepy, pomidora i papryki oraz ich jakość. Zastosowanie OMF zwiększyło plony sałaty, a kalarepy jedynie wyższa dawka nawozu. Działanie OMF było efektywniejsze niż równoważonych dawek tradycyjnych nawozów mineralnych OMF istotnie zwiększał ilość owoców oraz plon całkowity pomidora, nie wywierał istotnego wpływu na plon papryki. Nawożenie OMF zwiększało zawartość azotanów (do poziomu przekraczającego standardy) w roślinach sałaty i kalarepy. Zastosowanie wyższej dawki OMF determinowało kumulację metali ciężkich w uprawianych roślinach specyficznie dla każdej rośliny. Zwiększone pobieranie ołowiu stwierdzono u sałaty i papryki, zmniejszone u kalarepy. Sałata, pomidor i papryka nawożone OMF zawierały istotnie mniej rtęci.
Effects of two doses of nitrogen (0.6 and 0.9 g N·pot⁻¹) in combination with foliar application of boron (10 mg B·pot⁻¹) and two levels of P and K were studied in a pot experiment with poppy plants (Papaver somniferum L.). After the application of boron, a marked increase of its concentration in plants (112-126 mg·kg⁻¹) was observed. As compared to variants without boron, higher B concentrations were found in variants with the supply of this element within the whole course of growing season. Concentration of nitrogen decreased boron content during growing season due to a dilution effect. However, there were no grater differences among individual variants. In combination with increased levels of N, P, K, the application of B on leaves increased the seed yield by 6.4% and decreased production of straw by 6.7% as compared to controls without supply of this element. This fact was manifested also in the narrowest straw/seeds ratio. The volume of one capsule ranged in individual variants from 13.1 to 16.6 ml per plant but without any direct dependence on seed yield. The application of boron was manifested only in combination with increased levels of N, P, K. Concentrations of morphine in straw (empty heads + 15 cm of stem) increased with the increasing supply of nitrogen from 0.40 to 0.49%. The effect of boron supply was not marked too much.
In paper state of selected environmental elements in Czech Republic and Republic of Poland was compared. It was confirmed improvement of state of environment in majority indexes observed in the last two decades in both countries by lower dust and gasses emission, which in Poland may be partly caused by decrease of industrial production From this reason should be pay peculiar attention in ease of animation of economy, because of increase of threats from industry. Both countries should reduce emission from mobile sources. There is also need increase of sewage water plants number because of insufficient level of biogen removal.
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