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The research was conducted from 2008 to 2010, and compared the influence of different weed control methods used in spring wheat on the structure of the weed communities and the crop yield. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of the Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation - State Research Institute in Osiny as part of a long-term trial where these crop production systems had been compared since 1994. In the conventional and integrated systems, spring wheat was grown in a pure stand, whereas in the organic system, the wheat was grown with undersown clover and grasses. In the conventional system, herbicides were applied two times in a growing season, but in the integrated system - only once. The effectiveness of weed management was lower in the organic system than in other systems, but the dry matter of weeds did not exceed 60 g/m2. In the integrated system, the average dry matter of weeds in spring wheat was 4 times lower, and in the conventional system 10 times lower than in the organic system. Weed diversity was the largest in spring wheat cultivated in the organic system. In the conventional and integrated systems, compensation of some weed species was observed (Viola arvensis, Fallopia convolvulus, Equisetum arvense). The comparison of weed communities using Sorenson’s indices revealed more of a similarity between systems in terms of number of weed species than in the number of individuals. Such results imply that qualitative changes are slower than quantitative ones. The yield of grain was the biggest in the integrated system (5.5 t/ha of average). It was 35% higher than in the organic system, and 20% higher than in conventional ones.
The aim of the study was to assess the competitive potential against weeds and grain yield of spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) as compared to varieties of common wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. vulgare) under organic farming conditions. The study was conducted in the years 2005–2007 at the Experimental Station of IUNG – PIB in Osiny (Lublin province), on a field used in organic way since 1994. The varieties of spelt wheat: Schwabenkorn (2005 and 2007) and R12 (2006) and varieties of common wheat: Kobra, Mewa, old variety Ostka Kazimierska were cultivated. Species composition, number of weeds and their dry matter were assessed in tillering and dough stage. Biometric analysis of wheat plants and plant canopy architecture were also done. The smallest dry matter of weeds in dough stage was recorded in spelt wheat Schwabenkorn, old variety of common whe at – Ostka Kazimierska and modern variety – Mewa. High competitive potential against weeds of spelt Schwabenkorn and Ostka Kazimierska was associated with the morphological f eatures such as the biggest height, tillering, leaf area and leaf area index (LAI). The smallest ability to compete with weeds and the higher level of weed infestation was noted in Kobra and spelt R12. Despite of the favorable parameters of growth and development of spelt Schwabenkorn and Ostka Kazimierska, affecting their competitiveness against weeds, they have small yielding potential. The average grain yields of modern varieties: Kobra and Mewa were about 4 t H ha –1 in organic system.
Ecosystem services have become a top research issue in ecology, economy, environment management, and policy. One of the important ecosystem services is biodiversity. Agricultural biodiversity ensures very important functions, such as: pollination, biological crop protection, maintenance of proper structure and fertility of soil, protection against erosion, nutrient cycling, control of water flow. The aim of the paper was the assessment of the influence of different agricultural systems on biodiversity using various indicators. The study showed that organic system was more conducive in maintaining biodiversity of flora, earthworms and ground invertebrates than conventional and integrated system. Developing of organic system may increase the level of different ecosystem services necessary for human (pollination, soil structure, biological control, cultural values, human health). Cultivation of perennial energy crops: willow and miscanthus negatively influenced earthworms abundance which may affects the productive and retention functions of soil.
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