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The aim of the performed experiments was to assess energy expenditure and static loads of the operator of a chain sawing machine harvesting timber in a pine stand intermediate cutting. The investigations included two technological variants. In variant I, all technological operations were carried out by one worker – operator of the chain saw, while in treatment II the operations were carried out by a team of three persons – two operators of chain sawing machines and a helper. The energy expenditure was determined on the basis of measurements of the ventilation of lungs, whereas the static load – using the OWAS method. The determined net unit energy expenditures of the chain saw operators in the experimental variants exceeded 20 kJ•min-1 and differed statistically significantly between one another. With regard to static loads, a greater proportion of positions negatively affecting the muscle-skeletal system of the operator were found in variant II.
Zastosowano dwa warianty pozyskiwania drewna kłodowanego pilarką na zrębie zupełnym: zrąb uporządkowany i nieuporządkowany. Analizowano czasy i udziały czasów poszczególnych czynności załadunku drewna forwarderem. Zrąb nieuporządkowany charakteryzował się statystycznie istotnie dłuższym średnim czasem załadunku drewna. Zdecydowały o tym dłuższe czasy uchwycenia drewna i jego złożenia na ramie ciągnika oraz przejazdów (dla uchwycenia i złożenia drewna – różnice statystycznie istotne). Na zrębie uporządkowanym dłuższe średnie czasy odnotowano dla wysunięcia i powrotu żurawia (w przypadku powrotu – różnica statystycznie istotna). Największy udział procentowy w czasie załadunku drewna na zrębie uporządkowanym zajęła czynność powrotu żurawia, natomiast na zrębie nieuporządkowanym – uchwycenie drewna. Średnie udziały czasów różniły się statystycznie istotnie w przypadku wysunięcia żurawia, uchwycenia drewna i powrotu żurawia z drewnem. Udziały czynności wysunięcia żurawia i jego powrotu miały mniejsze wartości na zrębie nieuporządkowanym, a uchwycenia drewna – na zrębie uporządkowanym.
Investigations were carried out in a pine stand 80 years of age, 24 cm average diameter of breast height and 22 m tall. Both long-timber and medium-length assortments 1.8 and 2.4 m long were harvested. The performed analyses comprised: mean duration times at individual activities during operating time, structure of the operation time, as well as labour consumption during this time. The impact of the length and diameter of the harvested long timber on the above-mentioned characteristics of the harvesting process was assessed. Measurements of operation times were taken with the assistance of a stopwatch using the method of continuous timekeeping. Times of the following operations were identified and measured: site preparation, felling, fastening of the self wind-up measuring tape, cutting logs into assortments, measurement, returning to the end of the handled bole, cutting into rollers, walking over to the next tree to be felled. The obtained results of the investigations revealed statistically significant differences of mean duration times and mean shares of some operations in groups of trees of differing length and diameters. In the structure of the operating time, the highest shares were recorded for roller cutting and measurements. It was found that the diameter of the handled long timber exerted the strongest influence on the labour consumption of the harvested timber.
The objective of the study was to optimize wood extraction from a clear−cut area to several upper landings located at roads suited for wood haulage in a situation where the room for storing the wood was limited. The optimization process was to divide the clear−cut area into zones, from which the wood assortments should be transported to the different landings, so that the total transportation labour would be minimized. The research was conducted in Oborniki Forest District (western Poland) on a clear−cut area where the harvest of 2027 m3 of wood in four assortments was planned. The optimization method used presented a linear programming problem, which was formulated and solved with the Solver tool, available with a common spreadsheet. The clear−cut area was divided into a number of elementary plots, for which the quantities of the wood to be extracted and distances to the specified landings were determined. Altogether 189 such plots were defined, mostly square in shape and with 20 m long side. Three upper landings for each wood assortment, located at roads accessible to long−distance vehicles were also determined (fig. 1). The minimization of the transport labour needed for the extraction of different wood assortments was set as the criterion for the objective function. The results of the calculations, after putting them on the forest clear−cut area map (fig. 2), provided information about parts of the clear−cut area to which the wood should be extracted to. As it was expected, in the majority of cases, the model directed the wood to the landings, which were the closest, but in case of one assortment, the wood was directed to the landing located a bit further away than to the closest one. The model enabled to minimize the transportation labour spent on wood extraction from the clear−cut area. The calculations did not require any specific applications, enabling users of commonly available spreadsheets, equipped with a Solver tool to perform such calculations.
The paper presents an investigation on the output of wood extraction done with a Timbejack 1010 forwarder and a Timberjack 1010 clambunk. The forwarder was used for the forwarding of wood harvested according to the cut-to-length method whereas the clambunk was used for skidding wood harvested with the long wood method. The compared outputs were similar for both machines for short wood extraction distances (to 200 m) and they reached about 20 m³·h⁻¹. However, with longer extraction distances, the clambunk skidding output decreased faster than the output of forwarding. This was caused by the lower loading capacity of the clambunk and its slower travelling speed when loaded. When the wood extraction distance was 1500 m the skidding output of the clambunk was 8.12 m³·h⁻¹ while that of the forwarder was by over 50% higher. The travelling speeds of the two machines with their loads on were significantly different. The speed of the clambunk was 4.4 km·h⁻¹ while that of the forwarder was 7 km·h⁻¹, although the load of the forwarder was bigger. In the case of short wood forwarding the effect of the distance was small because the percentage of the loaded travel time in the extraction cycle time was 10% for 200 m extraction distance and 40% for 1500 extraction distance. In the case of long wood skidding the loaded travel times were 20.32% and 69.62% for extraction distances 200 m and 1500 m respectively. The results show that wood should be forwarded in the form of logs when the extraction distances are long.
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