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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of organic materials used as coupling agents in acoustic analyses of biological materials. Ultrasonic wave propagation velocity was tested in steel with the application of coupling agents frequently applied in industry: Sonagel W, ŁT machine lubricant, 4W-40 motor oil and wallpaper adhesive. Ultrasonic wave propagation velocity is generally known, therefore, it was treated as a standard value. Ultrasound velocity was then determined for steel using the following organic materials as coupling agents: mains water, distilled water, liquid honey, crystallised honey, butter and vegetable oil. The evaluation criterion was the thickness of natural layer formed at the contact point between the head and the tested material which influenced measurement results, and the substances used in industry, in particular Sonagel W, liquid honey and butter were found to be such substances.
At the initial stage of environmental protection, clean-up of contaminated soil was based on excavating huge amounts of soil and depositing it in storage yards. This process was very troublesome and efforts were made to reduce the volume of stored soil, but they proved insufficient. The author discusses work which needs to be done prior to cleaning up soil, i.e. the legal acts regulating these matters. Specific technologies are also outlined.
Biological methods of cleaning up the contaminated soil are based on degradation of toxic substances, mainly organics, by microorganisms. The process may take place in the contaminated area or in a special place where the oxygen content is increased or microorganisms have insufficient availability of oxygen. The first method of remediation prevails. The author discusses factors affecting biological remediation and deals specifically with the application of remediation methods.
In the third issue of AURA (2003) the author described the action of Toronto authorities. It is aimed at reaching a theoretical zero balance in waste management, i.e. utilization of all municipal waste. The author describes what has been done so far, the current state of waste collection and the next stage of the program. He also discusses state-of-the-art waste disposal technologies.
The author discusses issues connected with municipal waste landfills and industrial and toxic waste storage yards. They are presented in terms of technical aspects versus environmental protection: international experience in construction, classification, regulations, design guidelines and recommended EU directives are taken into account. Waste reduction and processing systems, recycling technologies, containment and control systems, material recovery, and maintenance and surveillance methods are dealt with.
In January 2001 Toronto (Canada) launched a scheme aimed at zero waste in the waste balance, i. e. the complete utilisation of all waste from urban areas. In Aura (No. 10,2004) we presented the implementation of the scheme. In 2006 the amount of landfilled waste should be reduced by 60%. The article presents to-date achievements and unexpected difficulties.
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