Foraminiferal assemblages as palaeoenvironmental bioindicators in Late Jurassic epicontinental platforms: Relation with trophic conditions

• Autorzy: Reolid M. , Nagy J. , Rodriguez-Tovar F.J. , Oloriz F.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Foraminiferal assemblages from the neritic environment reveal the palaeoecological impact of nutrient types in relation to shore distance and sedimentary setting. Comparatively proximal siliciclastic settings from the Boreal Domain (Brora section, Eastern Scotland) were dominated by inner−shelf primary production in the water column or in sea bottom, while in relatively seawards mixed carbonate−siliciclastic settings from the Western Tethys (Prebetic, Southern Spain), nutrients mainly derived from the inner−shelf source. In both settings, benthic foraminiferal assemblages increased in diversity and proportion of epifauna from eutrophic to oligotrophic conditions. The proximal setting example (Brora Brick Clay Mb.) corresponds to Callovian offshore shelf deposits with a high primary productivity, bottom accumulation of organic matter, and a reduced sedimentation rate for siliciclastics. Eutrophic conditions favoured some infaunal foraminifera. Lately, inner shelf to shoreface transition areas (Fascally Siltstone Mb.), show higher sedimentation rates and turbidity, reducing euphotic−zone range depths and primary production, and then deposits with a lower organic matter content (high−mesotrophic conditions). This determined less agglutinated infaunal foraminifera content and increasing calcitic and aragonitic epifauna, and calcitic opportunists (i.e., Lenticulina). The comparatively distal setting of the Oxfordian example (Prebetic) corresponds to: (i) outer−shelf areas with lower nutrient input (relative oligotrophy) and organic matter accumulation on comparatively firmer substrates (lumpy lithofacies group) showing dominance of calcitic epifaunal foraminifera, and (ii) mid−shelf areas with a higher sedimentation rate and nutrient influx (low−mesotrophic conditions) favouring potentially deep infaunal foraminifers in comparatively unconsolidated and nutrient−rich substrates controlled by instable redox boundary (marl−limestone rhythmite lithofacies).

Słowa kluczowe

EN

foraminiferal assemblage; paleoenvironmental bioindicator; Late Jurassic; epicontinental platform; trophic condition; Jurassic; Foraminifera; neritic shelf; Boreal Realm; Tethys Ocean

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2008
• Tom: 53
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: p.705-722,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Reolid M.

• Universidad de Jaen, Campus Las Lagunillas, 23071 Jaen, Spain

autor

Nagy J.

autor

Rodriguez-Tovar F.J.

autor

Oloriz F.

Bibliografia

• Aberhan, M. 1994. Guild−structure and evolution of Mesozoic benthic shelf communities. Palaios 9: 516–545.
• Akpan, E.B. and Farrow, G.E. 1985. Shell bioerosion in high−latitude low−energy environments: firths of Clyde and Lorne, Scotland. Marine Geology 67: 139–150.
• Bąk, K. 2004. Deep−water agglutinated foraminiferal changes across the Cretaceous/Tertiary and Paleocene/Eocene transitions in the deep flysch environment; eastern Outer Carpathians (Bieszczady Mts, Poland). Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 8: 1–56.
• Barnard, T., Cordey, W.G., and Shipp, D.J. 1981. Foraminifera from the Oxford Clay (Callovian–Oxfordian of England). Revista Española de Micropaleontología 13: 383–462.
• Bartolini, A., Pittet, B., Mattioli, E., and Hunziker, J.C. 2003. Shallow−platform paleoenvironmental conditions recorded in deep−shelf sediments: C and O stable isotopes in Upper Jurassic sections of southern Germany (Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian). Sedimentary Geology 160: 107–130.
• Bernhard, J.M. 1986. Characteristic assemblages and morphologies for anoxic organic rich deposits: Jurassic through Holocene. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 16: 207–215.
• Bernhard, J.M. and Bowser, S.S. 1992. Bacterial biofilms as a trophic resource of certain foraminifera. Marine Ecology Progress Series 83: 263–272.
• Bernhard, J.M., Sen Gupta, B.K., and Borne, P.F. 1997. Benthic foraminiferal proxy to estimate dysoxic bottom−water oxygen concentrations: Santa Barbara Basin, U.S. pacific Continental Margin. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 27: 301–310.
• Boudagher−Fadel, M.K., Banner, E.T., and Whittaker, J.E. 1997. The early evolutionary history of planktonic foraminifera. 269 pp. Chapman & Hall, London.
• Bouhamdi, A. 2000. Composition, distribution et évolution des peuplements de foraminifères benthiques de la plate−forme au bassin. Oxfordien moyen du Sud−Est de la France. Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de Lyon 151: 1–213.
• Bouhamdi, A., Gaillard, C., Ruget, C., and Bonnet, L. 2000. Foraminifères benthiques de l’Oxfordien moyen de la plate−forme au bassin dans le Sud−Est de la France. Répartition et contrôle environnemental. Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 93 : 315–330.
• Bouhamdi, A., Gaillard, C., and Ruget, C. 2001. Spirillines versus agglutinants: Impact du flux organique et intérèt paléoenvironnemental (Oxfordien moyen du Sud−Est de la France). Geobios 34: 267–277.
• Copper, P. 1992. Organisms and carbonate substrates in marine environments. Geoscience Canada 19 (3): 97–112.
• Corliss, B.H. 1985. Microhabitat of benthic foraminifera with deep sea sediments. Nature 314: 435–438.
• Corliss, B.H. 1991. Morphology and microhabitat preferences of benthic foraminifera from the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Marine Micropaleontology 17: 195–236.
• Corliss, B.H. and Chen, C. 1988. Morphotype patterns of Norwegian deep sea benthic foraminifera and ecological implications. Geology 16: 716–719.
• Corliss, B.H. and Fois, E. 1990. Morphotype analysis of deep−sea benthic foraminifera from the northwest Gulf of Mexico. Palaios 5: 589–605.
• Ernst, S. and Van der Zwaan, B. 2004. Effects of experimentally induced raised levels of organic flux and oxygen depletion on a continental slope benthic foraminiferal community. Deep−Sea Research I 51: 1709–1739.
• Farrow, G.E. and Fyfe, J.A. 1988. Bioerosion and carbonate mud production on high−latitude shelves. Sedimentary Geology 60: 281–297.
• Fisher, R.A., Corbet, A.S., and Williams, C.B. 1943. The relations between the number of species and the number of individuals in a random sample of an animal population. Journal of Animal Ecology 12: 42–58.
• Glaub, I. 1994. Mikrobohrspuren in ausgewählten Ablagerungsräumen des europäischen Jura und der Unterkreide (Klassifikation und Palökologie). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 174: 1–324.
• Gooday, A. 1996. Epifaunal and shallow infaunal foraminiferal communities at three abyssal NE Atlantic sites subject to differing phytodetritus input regimes. Deep−Sea Research I 9: 1395–1421.
• Gooday, A. and Hughes, J.A. 2002. Foraminifera associated with phytodetritus deposits at a bathyal site in the northern Rockall Trough (NE Atlantic): seasonal contrasts and a comparison of stained and dead assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology 46: 83–110.
• Gooday, A., Bernhard, J.A., Levin, L.A., and Suhr, S.B. 2000. Foraminifera in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone and other oxygen−deficient settings: taxonomic composition, diversity, and relation to metazoan faunas. Deep−Sea Research II 47: 25–54.
• Gooday, A., Levin, L., Linke, P., and Heeger, T. 1992. The role of benthic foraminifera in deep−sea food webs and carbon cycling. In: G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (eds.), Deep−sea Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle, 63–91. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
• Gradziński, M., Tyszka, J., Uchman, A., and Jach, R. 2004. Large microbial−foraminiferal oncoids from condensed Lower–Middle Jurassic deposits: a case study from the Tatra Mountains, Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 213: 133–151.
• Hanagata, S. 2004. Miocene foraminifera from the Niigata oil and gas field region, northeastern Japan. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 8: 151–166.
• Henderson, A.S. and Hart, M.B. 2000. The distribution of Foraminiferida in the Oxfordian Sequences of North Dorset, UK. GeoResearch Forum 6: 311–320.
• Homewood, P.W. 1996. The carbonate feedback system: interaction between stratigraphic accomodation, ecological succession and the carbonate factory. Bulletin de la Societé Géologique de France 167: 701–715.
• Hughes, G.W. 2000. Saudi Arabian Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous agglutinated foraminiferal associations and their application for age, palaeoenvironmental interpretation, sequence stratigraphy, and carbonate reservoir architecture. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 7: 149–165.
• James, N.P. and Kendall, A.C. 1992. Introduction to carbonate and evaporite facies models. In: R.G. Walker and N.P. James (eds.), Facies Models; Response to Sea Level Change, 265–275. Geological Association of Canada, Ontario.
• Jenkins, C.D. 2000. The ecological significance of foraminifera in the Kimmeridgian of Southern England. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 7: 167–178.
• Jones, R.W. and Charnock, M.A. 1985. “Morphogroups” of agglutinating foraminifera. Their life position, feeding habitats and potential applicability in (paleo)ecological studies.Revue de Paléobiologie 4: 311–320.
• Jorissen, F.J., Barmawidjaja, D.M., Puskaric, S., and Van der Zwaan, G.J. 1992. Vertical distribution of benthic foraminifera in the Northern Adriatic Sea: the relation with the organic flux. Marine Micropaleontology 19: 131–146.
• Jorissen, F.J., de Stigter, H.C., and Widmark, J.G.V. 1995. A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats. Marine Micropaleontology 26: 3–15.
• Kaminski, M.A., Boersma, A., Tyszka, J., and Holbourn, A. 1995. Response of deep−water agglutinated benthic foraminifera to disoxic conditions in the California Borderland Basins. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 3: 131–140.
• Kitazato, H. 1988. Ecology of benthic foraminifera in the tidal zone of a rocky shore. Revue de Paléobiologie, Special Volume 2: 815–825.
• Kuhnt, W., Moullade, M., and Kaminski, M.A. 1996. Ecological structuring and evolution of deep sea agglutinated foraminifera—A review. Revue de Micropaléontologie 39: 271–281.
• Kuhnt, W., Hess, S., and Zhimin, J. 1999. Quantitative composition of benthic foraminiferal assemblages as a proxy indicator for organic carbon flux rates in the South China Sea. Marine Geology 156: 123–157.
• Leinfelder, R.R., Nose, M., Schmid, D.U., and Werner, W. 1993. Microbial crust of the Late Jurassic: composition, palaeoecological significance and importance in reef constructions. Facies 29: 195–230.
• Lemańska, A. 2005. Comparison of deep−water agglutinated foraminifera from the hemipelagic variegated shales (Lower Turoniam–Lower Santonian) and the turbiditic Godula beds (Upper Santonian–Campanian) in the Lanckorona−Wadowice area (Silesian Unit, Outer Carpathians, Poland). Studia Geologica Polonica 124: 259–272.
• Lipps, J.H. and Valentine, J.W. 1970. The role of foraminifera in the trophic structure of marine communities. Lethaia 3: 279–286.
• Lochte, K. 1992. Bacterial standing stock and consumption of organic carbon in the benthic boundary layer of the abyssal North Atlantic. In: G.T. Rowe and V. Pariente (eds.), Deep−sea Food Chains and the Global Carbon Cycle, 1–10. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
• Loubere, P. 1994. Quantitative estimation of surface ocean productivity and bottom water oxygen concentration using benthic foraminifera. Paleoceanography 9: 723–738.
• Loubere, P. 1996. The surface ocean productivity and bottom water oxygen signals in deep water benthic foraminiferal assemblages. Marine Micropaleontology 28: 247–261.
• Loubere, P. 1997. Benthic foraminiferal assemblage formation, organic carbon flux and oxygen concentration on the outer continental shelf and slope. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 27: 93–100.
• Loubere, P. and Fariduddin, M. 1999. Benthic foraminifera and the flux of organic carbon to the seabed. In: B.K. Sen Gupta (ed.), Modern Foraminifera, 181–199. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
• Lüning, S., Marzouk, A.M., and Kuss, J. 1998. The Paleocene of central east Sinai, Egypt: “sequence stratigraphy” in monotonous hemipelagites. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 28: 19–39.
• Mello e Sousa, S.H., Passos, R.F., Fukumoto, M., Silveira, I.C.A., Lopes−Figueira, R.C., Koutsoukos, E.A.M., Mahiquyes, M.M., and Rezende, C.E. 2006. Mid–Lower bathyal benthic foraminifera of the Campos Basin, Southeastern Brazilian margin: biotopes and controlling ecological factors. Marine Micropaleontology 61: 40–57.
• Mojtahid, M., Jorissen, F., Durrieu, J., Galgani, F., Howa, H., Redois, F., and Camps, R. 2006. Benthic foraminifera as bio−indicators of drill cutting disposal in tropical east Atlantic outer shelf environments. Marine Micropaleontology 61: 58–75.
• Morris, P.H. 1982. Distribution and paleoecology of Middle Jurassic foraminifera from the Lower Inferior Oolite of the Cotswolds. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology 37: 319–347.
• Nagy, J. 1992. Environmental significance of foraminiferal morphogroups in Jurassic North Sea deltas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology 95: 111–134.
• Nagy, J. and Johansen, H.O. 1991. Delta−influenced assemblages from the Jurassic (Toarcian–Bajocian) of the northern North Sea. Micropaleontology 37: 1–40.
• Nagy, J., Gradstein, F.M., Kaminski, M.A., and Holbourn, A.E. 1995. Foraminiferal morphogroups, paleoenvironments and new taxa from Jurassic to Cretaceous strata of Thakkhola, Nepal. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 3: 181–209.
• Nagy, J., Finstand, E.K., Dypvik, H., and Bremer, M.G.H. 2001. Response of foraminiferal facies to transgressive−regressive cycles in the Callovian of Northeast Scotland. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 31: 324–349.
• Nomaki, H., Heintz, P., Nakatsuka, T., Shimanaga, M., and Kitazato, H. 2005. Species−specific ingestion of organic carbon by deep−sea benthic foraminifera and meiobenthos. In situ tracer experiments. Limnology and Oceanography 50: 134–146.
• Olivier, N., Pittet, B., and Mattioli, E. 2004. Palaeoenvironmental control on sponge−microbialite reefs and contemporaneos deep−shelf marl−limestone deposition (Late Oxfordian, southern Germany). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 212: 233–263.
• Olóriz, F., Reolid, M., and Rodríguez−Tovar, F.J. 1999. Fine−resolution ammonite biostratigraphy at the Rio Gazas−Chorro II section in Sierra de Cazorla (Prebetic Zone, Jaén province, southern Spain). Profil 16: 83–94.
• Olóriz, F., Reolid, M., and Rodríguez−Tovar, F.J. 2002. Fossil assemblages, lithofacies and taphofacies for interpreting depositional dynamics in epicontinental Oxfordian (Prebetic Zone, Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology 185: 53–75.
• Olóriz, F., Reolid, M., and Rodríguez−Tovar, F.J. 2003a. A Late Jurassic carbonate ramp colonized by sponges and benthic microbial communities (External Prebetic, Southern Spain). Palaios 18: 528–545.
• Olóriz, F., Reolid, M., and Rodríguez−Tovar, F.J. 2003b. Palaeogeographic and stratigraphic distribution of Mid–Late Oxfordian foraminiferal assemblages in the Prebetic Zone (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain). Geobios 36: 733–747.
• Olóriz, F., Reolid, M., and Rodríguez−Tovar, F.J. 2004. Taphonomy of ammonite assemblages from the Middle–Upper Oxfordian (Transversarium?–Bifurcatus Zones) in the Internal Prebetic (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain): Taphonic populations and taphofacies to support ecostratigraphic interpretations. Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia i Stratigrafia 110: 239–248.
• Olóriz, F., Reolid, M., and Rodríguez−Tovar, F.J. 2006. Approaching trophic structure in Late Jurassic neritic shelves: A western Tethys example from southern Iberia. Earth−Science Reviews 79: 101–139.
• Oxford, M.J., Hart, M.B., and Watkinson, M.P. 2000. Micropaleontological investigations of the Oxford Clay−Corallian succession of the Dorset Coast. Geosciences SW England 10: 9–13.
• Oxford, M.J., Gregory, F.J., Hart, M.B., Henderson, A.S., Simmons, M.D., and Watkinson, M.P. 2002. Jurassic planktonic foraminifera from the United Kingdom. Terra Nova 14: 205–209.
• Pittet, B. and Gorin, G.E. 1997. Distribution of sedimentary organic matter in a mixed carbonate−siliciclastic platform environment: Oxfordian of the Swiss Jura Mountains. Sedimentology 44: 915–937.
• Pittet, B. and Mattioli, E. 2002. The carbonate signal and calcareous nannofossil distribution in an Upper Jurassic section (Balingen–Tieringen, Late Oxfordian, southern Germany). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 179: 71–96.
• Pomar, L. 2001. Ecological control of sedimentary accommodation: evolution from a carbonate ramp to rimmed shelf, Upper Miocene, Balearic Islands. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 175: 249–272.
• Pomar, L. and Ward, W.C. 1995. Sea−level changes, carbonate production and platform architecture: the Llucmajor Platform, Mallorca, Spain. In: B.U. Haq (ed.), Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Response to Eustatic, Tectonic and Climatic Forcing, 87–112. Kluwer Academic Press, Dordrecht.
• Pomar, L., Gili, E., Obrador, A., and Ward, W.C. 2005. Facies architecture and high−resolution sequence stratigraphy o fan Upper Cretaceous platform margin succession, southern central Pyrenees, Spain. Sedimentary Geology 175: 339–365.
• Reolid, M. 2005. Dinámica eco−sedimentaria durante el Oxfordiense medio−Kimmeridgiense temprano en la Zona Prebética: interpretación ecoestratigráfica y secuencial. 254 pp. PhD. Thesis, Universidad de Granada.
• Reolid, M., Gaillard, C., Olóriz, F., and Rodríguez−Tovar, F.J. 2005. Microbial encrustations from the Middle Oxfordian–earliest Kimmeridgian lithofacies in the Prebetic Zone (Betic Cordillera, southern Spain): characterization, distribution and controlling factors. Facies 50: 529–543.
• Reolid, M. and Herrero, C. 2004. Evaluation of methods for retrieving foraminifera from indurated carbonates: application to the Jurassic spongiolithic limestone lithofacies of the Prebetic Zone (South Spain). Micropaleontology 50: 307–312.
• Reolid, M., Rodríguez−Tovar, F.J., Nagy, J. and Olóriz, F. 2008. Benthic foraminiferal morphogroups of mid to outer shelf environments of the Late Jurassic (Prebetic Zone, Southern Spain): Characterization of biofacies and environmental significance. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 261: 280–299.
• Schlager, W. 1993. Accomodation and supply: a dual control on stratigraphic sequences. Sedimentary Geology 86: 111–136.
• Schmid, D.U. 1995. “Tubiphytes” morronensis: eine fakultativ inkrustierende Foraminifere mit endosymbiontischen Algen. Profil 8: 305–317.
• Schmid, D.U. 1996. Marine Mikrobolithe und Mikroinkrustierer aus dem Oberjura. Profil 9: 101–251.
• Schumacher, S. and Lazarus, D. 2004. Regional differences in pelagic productivity in the late Eocene to early Oligocene: a comparison of southern high latitudes and lower latitudes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 214: 243–263.
• Sen Gupta, B.K. and Machain−Castillo, M.L. 1993. Benthic foraminifera in oxygen−poor habitats. Marine Micropaleontology 20: 183–201.
• Sjoerdsma, P.G. and Van der Zwaan, G.J. 1992. Simulating the effect of changing organic flux and oxygen content on the distribution of benthic foraminifera. Marine Micropaleontology 19: 163–180.
• Stephen, K.J., Underhill, J.R., Partington, M.A., and Hedley, R.J., 1993. The genetic sequence stratigraphy of the Hettangian to Oxfordian succession, Inner Moray Firth. In: J.R. Parker (ed.), Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe, 485–505, Geological Society of London, London.
• Swift, D.J.P. and Thorne, J.A., 1991. Sedimentation on continental margins, I: a general model for shelf sedimentation. In: D.J.P. Swift, G.F. Oertel, R.W. Tillman, and J.A. Thorne (eds.), Shelf Sand and Sandstone Bodies, 3–31. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication 14, Blackwell, Oxford.
• Szydło, A. 2004. The distribution of agglutinated foraminifera in the Cieszyn Basin, Polish Outer Carpathians. Grzybowski Foundation Special Publication 8: 461–470.
• Szydło, A. 2005. Benthic foraminiferal morphogroups and taphonomy of the Cieszyn beds (Tithonian–Neocomian, Polish Outer Carpathians). Studia Geologica Polonica 124: 199–204.
• Thiel, H., Pfannkuche, O., Schriever, G., Lochte, K., Gooday, A.J., Hemleben, C., Mantoura, R.F.C., Patching, J.W., Turley, C.M., and Riemann, F. 1990. Phytodetritus on the deep−sea floor in a central oceanic region of the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Biological Oceanography 6: 203–239.
• Turley, C.M. 2000. Bacteria in the cold deep−sea benthic boundary layer and sediment−water interface of the NE Atlantic. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 33: 89–99.
• Turley, C.M. and Lochte, K. 1990. Microbial response to the input of fresh detritus to the deep−sea bed. Global and Planetary Change 3: 3–23.
• Turley, C.M., Lochte, K. and Lampitt, R.S. 1995. Transformations of biological particles during sedimentation in the northeastern Atlantic. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 348A: 179–189.
• Tyszka, J. 1994a. Response of Middle Jurassic benthic foraminiferal morphogroups to dysoxic/anoxic conditions in the Pieniny Klippen Basin, Polish Carpathians. Palaeogeography, Palaeoecology, Palaeoclimatology 110: 55–81.
• Tyszka, J. 1994b. Paleoenvironmental implications from ichnological and microfaunal analyses of Bajocian spotty carbonates, Pieniny Klippen Belt, Polish Carpathians. Palaios 9: 175–187.
• Tyszka, J. 2001. Microfossil assemblages as bathymetric indicators of the Toarcian/Aalenian ”Fleckenmergel”−Facies in the Carpathian Pieniny Klippen Belt. Geologica Carpathica 52: 147–158.
• Van der Zwaan, G.J., Jorissen, F.J., and de Stigter, H.C. 1990. The depth−dependency of planktonic/benthic foraminiferal ratios; constraints and applications. Marine Geology 95: 1–16.
• Van der Zwaan, G.J., Duijnstee, I.A.P., Den Dulk, M., Ernst, S.R., Jannink N.T., and Kouwenhoven, T.J. 1999. Benthic foraminifers: proxies or problem? A review of paleoecological concepts. Earth−Science Reviews 46: 213–236.
• Van Oevelen, D., Soetaert, K., Middelburg, J.J., Herman, P.M., Moodley, L., Hamels, I., Moens, T., and Herp, C.H.R. 2006. Carbon flows through a benthic food web: Integrating biomas, isotope and tracer data. Journal of Marine Research 64: 453–482.
• Vogel, K., Balog, S.J., Bundschuh, M., Gektidis, M., Glaub, I., Krutschinna, J., and Radtke, G. 1999. Bathymetrical studies in fossil reefs, with microendoliths as paleoecological indicators. Profil 16: 181–191.
• Walker, K.R. 1972. Trophic analysis: A method for studying the function of ancient communities. Journal of Paleontology 46: 82–93.
• Walker, K.R. and Bambach, R.K. 1974. Feeding by benthic invertebrates: classification and terminology for paleoecological analysis. Lethaia 7: 67–78.