Ultrasound examination of mammary glands in ruminants

• Autorzy: Olechnowicz J. , Jaskowski J.M.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Machine milking of ruminants has a considerable effect on the length of the teat canal, the width of the teat sinus, the width of the teat end and the thickness of the teat wall. The width of the teat end and the length of the teat canal showed the biggest changes 6 and 2 h, respectively, after the completion of milking. The thickness of the teat wall and the width of the teat sinus returned to the original condition from before milking after 6 and 8 h, respectively. In sheep the thickness of the teat wall in left and right half-udders 4 h after milking increased by 17 and 16% in relation to measurements taken before milking, while for the length of the teat canal it was by 10 and 8%. With progress in lactation the area of milk sinuses in cows decreased significantly. Similarly, in Manchega and Lacune sheep the size of milk sinuses decreased during lactation. The values of correlation coefficients between the size of milk sinuses and milk yield of ewes, depending on the applied ultrasound measurement methods, were 0.53 and 0.48. The area of milk sinuses in goats and the daily milk production, irrespective of the number of milkings per day (one or two), increased linearly with the number of hours between milkings. In healthy mammary glands of cows teat canals were longer and narrower, while in infected glands they were shorter and wider. The length of the teat canal in cows was negatively correlated with the peak and mean values of the milk flow index.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Medycyna Weterynaryjna
• Rocznik: 2009
• Tom: 65
• Numer: 03
• Opis fizyczny: p.147-150,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Olechnowicz J.

• Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 52, 60-625 Poznan, Poland

autor

Jaskowski J.M.

Bibliografia

• 1.Ayadi M., Caja G., Such X., Knight Ch. H.: Use of ultrasonography to estimate cistern size and milk storage at different milking intervals in the udder of dairy cows. J. Dairy Res. 2003, 70, 1-7.
• 2.Bruckmaier R. M., Paul G., Mayer H., Schams D.: Machine milking of Ostfriesian and Lacaune dairy sheep: udder anatomy, milk ejection and milking characteristics. J. Dairy Res. 1997, 64, 163-172.
• 3.Caja G., Ayadi M., Knight Ch. H.: Changes in cisternal compartment based on stage of lactation and time since milk ejection in the udder of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87, 2409-2415.
• 4.Capuco A. V., Mein G. A., Nicerson S. C., Jack L. J. W., Wood D. L., Bright S. A., Aschenbrenner R. A., Miller R. H., Bitman J.: Influence of pulsationless milking on teat canal keratin and mastitis. J. Dairy Sci. 1994, 77, 64-74.
• 5.Flöck M., Winter P.: Diagnostic ultrasonography with diseases of the mammary gland. Vet. J. 2006, 171, 314-321.
• 6.Franz S., Baumgartner W., Hofmann-Parisot M., Windischybauer G., Suchy A., Bauder B.: Ultrasonography of the teat canal in cows and sheep. Vet. Rec. 2001, 149, 109-112.
• 7.Franz S., Hofmann-Parisot M., Baumgartner W.: Evaluation of three-dimensional ultrasonography of the bovine mammary gland. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2004, 65, 1-5.
• 8.Franz S., Hofmann-Parisot M., Gütler S., Baumgartner W.: Clinical and ultrasonographic findings in the mammary gland of sheep. N. Z. Vet. J. 2003, 51, 238-243.
• 9.Gleeson D. E., O'Callaghan E. J., Rath M. V.: Effect of liner design, pulsator setting, and vacuum level on bovine teat changes and milking characteristics as measured by ultrasonography. Ir. Vet. J. 2004, 57, 289-296.
• 10.Gleeson D. E., O'Callaghan E. J., Rath M. V.: Effect of milking on bovine teat tissue as measured by ultrasonography. Ir. Vet. J. 2002, 55, 628-632.
• 11.Grindal R. J., Walton A. W., Hillerton J. E.: Influence of milk flow rate and streak canal length on new intramammary infection in dairy cows. J. Dairy Res. 1991, 58, 383-388.
• 12.Hamann J., Mein G. A.: Measurement of machine induced changes in the thickness of the bovine teat. J. Dairy Res. 1990, 57, 495-505.
• 13.Hamann J., Mein G. A., Wetzel S.: Teat tissue reactions to milking: effects of vacuum level. J. Dairy Sci. 1993, 76, 1040-1046.
• 14.Hillerton J. E., Ohnstad I., Baines J. R., Leach K. A.: Changes in cow teat tissue created by two types of milking cluster. J. Dairy Res. 2000, 67, 309-317.
• 15.Hillerton J. E., Pankey J. W., Pankey P.: Effect of over-milking on teat condition. J. Dairy Res. 2002, 69, 81-84.
• 16.Klein D., Flöck M., Khol J. L., Franz S., Stüger H. P., Baumgartner W.: Ultrasonographic measurement of the bovine teat: breed differences, and the significance of the measurements for udder health. J. Dairy Res. 2005, 72, 296-302.
• 17.Lacy-Hulbert S. J., Hillerton J. E.: Physical characteristics of the bovine teat canal and their influence on susceptibility to streptococcal infection. J. Dairy Res. 1995, 62, 395-404.
• 18.Milerski M., Margetin M., Apolen D., Capistrak A., Spanik J.: Udder cistern size and milkability of ewes of various genotypes. ICAR Techn. 2005, Ser 10, 63-69.
• 19.Neijenhuis F., Klungel G. H., Hogeveen H.: Recovery of cow teats after milking as determined by ultrasonographic scanning. J. Dairy Sci. 2001, 84, 2599-2606.
• 20.Nudda A., Pulina G., Vallebella R., Bencini R., Enne G.: Ultrasound technique for measuring mammary cistern size of dairy ewes. J. Dairy Res. 2000, 67, 101-106.
• 21.Olechnowicz J.: Zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne uszkodzenia strzyków krów (External and internal damage to teats in cows). Medycyna Wet. 2007, 63, 786-791 (in Polish).
• 22.Paulrud C. O., Clausen S., Andersen P. E., Rasmussen M. D.: Infrared thermography and ultrasonography to indirectly monitor the influence of liner type and overmilking on teat tissue recovery. Acta Vet. Scand. 2005, 46, 137-147.
• 23.Paulrud C. O., Rasmussen M. D.: How teat canal keratin depends on the length and diameter of the teat canal in dairy cows. J. Dairy Res. 2004, 71, 253-255.
• 24.Rovai M., Such X., Caja G., Piedrafita J.: Change in cisternal and alveolar milk throughout lactation in dairy sheep. J. Dairy Sci. 2002, 85 (Suppl 1) (Abstr.), 4.
• 25.Salama A. A. K., Caja G., Such X., Peris S., Sorensen A., Knight Ch. H.: Changes in cisternal udder compartment inducted by milking interval in dairy goats milked once or twice daily. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87, 1181-1187.
• 26.Strzetelski J. A., Bilik K., Niwińska B., Skrzyński G., Łuczyńska E., Choroszy Z.: Przydatność ultrasonograficznego badania gruczołu mlekowego jałówek do prognozowania ich wydajności mlecznej (Suitability of ultrasonographic examination of the mammary glands in heifers to predict their milk yield). Medycyna Wet. 2005, 61, 1032-1035 (in Polish).
• 27.Weiss D., Weinfurtner M., Bruckmaier R. M.: Teat anatomy and its relationship with quarter and udder milk flow characteristics in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 2004, 87, 3280-3289.
• 28.Wójtowski J., Ślósarz P., Bielińska S., Nowicki S., Gut A., Danków R.: Ultrasound image of morphological changes of teat end in sheep caused by machine milking. Arch. Tierz. Dummerstorf 2006, 49, 231-237.
• 29.Wójtowski J., Ślósarz P., Jankuszew A., Milerski M., Szymanowska A., Szymanowski M.: Application of ultrasound technique for cystern size measurement in dairy goats. Arch. Tierz. Dummerstorf 2006, 49, 382-388.
• 30.Wójtowski J., Ślósarz, P., Malecha W., Danków R.: Ultrasonograficzne pomiary zatoki mlekonośnej wymienia kóz podczas laktacji (Ultrasonographic measurements of milk sinus in the udder of goats during lactation). Medycyna Wet. 2002, 58, 977-980 (in Polish).
• 31.Zecconi A., Hamann J., Bronzo V., Ruffo G.: Machine-induced teat tissue reactions and infection risk in a dairy herd free of contagious mastitis pathogens. J. Dairy Res. 1992, 59, 265-271.

Uwagi

Rekord w opracowaniu