Aggressive interactions in Swan Geese Anser cygnoides and their hybrids

• Autorzy: Randler C.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Zachowania agresywne gęsi garbonosych oraz ich mieszańców

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Evidence for direct interspecific competition in wildfowl and between hybrids and their parent species is scarce. This study examined threat displays and agonistic encounters (n = 324) in a goose flock of 140 Swan Geese and 13 hybrids with Greylag Goose living in Heidelberg, SW Germany. In general, agonistic behaviour made up less than 1% of the time budget throughout the year as measured by focal animal sampling. Most encounters (84%) were won by the initiator, both in Swan Geese and in hybrids. No difference was found between Swan Geese and hybrids in the outcome of an encounter, suggesting equal competitive quality. There were differences with respect to threat postures with hybrids performing diagonal neck threats more often and intentional movements less often. This seems to be related to their hybrid origin, since Greylag Geese most often show diagonal neck and forward threat displays. There was no direct evidence for hybrid superiority or inferiority.

PL

W pracy opisano postawy grożenia oraz inne zachowania agresywne w stadzie złożonym z 140 osobników gęsi garbonosej i 13 mieszańców tego gatunku z gęgawą, przebywającym w parku miejskim w Heidelbergu (Niemcy). Jako zachowanie antagonistyczne opisywano konfrontację między dwoma osobnikami wyrażaną postawami grożenia, przeganianiem lub walką. Wyróżniono 5 rodzajów zachowań agresywnych, większość z nich stanowiły pozy przybierane przez atakujące osobniki. Wynik zachowań opisywano jako: wygrana (gdy drugi osobnik oddalił się), porażka (kiedy osobnik rozpoczynający konfrontacje sam się oddalał), lub bez rozstrzygnięcia (gdy drugi osobnik odwracał się, lub ignorował zaczepki). Zachowania antagonistyczne stanowiły mniej niż 1% budżetu czasowego poszczególnych osobników. Większość starć wygrywały osobniki inicjujące, zarówno w przypadku gęsi garbonosych jak i mieszańców (Tab. 1). Nie stwierdzono również istotnych różnic między tymi dwiema grupami w wynikach starć, co może sugerować podobną zdolność konkurencyjną. Stwierdzono istotne różnice w częstości rodzajów zachowań agresywnych prezentowanych przez mieszańce i gęsi garbonose (Tab. 2). Uzyskane wyniki nie wskazują, aby mieszańce były podporządkowane lub dominujące.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

aggressive interaction; Swan Goose; Anser cygnoides; hybrid; bird; Greylag Goose; Anser anser; aggressive behaviour; foraging; competition; threat posture

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Ornithologica
• Rocznik: 2004
• Tom: 39
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.147-153,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Randler C.

• Department of Natural Sciences, Biology and Didactics, University of Education, PH Ludwigsburg, Reuteallee 46, D-71634 Ludwigsburg, Germany

Bibliografia

• Arnold M. L., Hodges S. A. 1995. Are hybrids fit or unfit relative to their parent species? Trends Ecol. Evol. 10: 67-71.
• Baldassarre G. A., Bolen E. G. 1994. Waterfowl ecology and management. Wiley & Sons, New York.
• Baldassarre G. A., Paulus S. L., Tamisier A., Titman R. D. 1988. Workshop summary: techniques for timing activity of wintering waterfowl. In: Weller M. W. (ed.). Waterfowl in winter. Univ. of Minnesota Press, pp. 181-188.
• Barnes G. G., Nudds T. D. 1991. Salt tolerance in American black ducks, mallards, and their F-l hybrids. Auk 108: 89-98.
• Bauer K. M., Glutz von Blotzheim U. N. 1968. Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Bd. 2, Anseriformes 1. Teil. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt/Main.
• Birdlife International 2001. Threatened Birds of Asia: the International Red Data Book. BirdLife International, Cambridge.
• Black J. M., Owen M. 1988. Variations in pair bond and agonistic behaviors in barnacle geese on the wintering grounds. In: Weller M. W. (ed.). Waterfowl in winter. Univ. Minnesota Press, pp. 39-57.
• Boyd H. 1953. On encounters between wild white-fronted geese in winter flocks. Behaviour 5: 85-129.
• Braillet C, Charmantier A., Archaux F., dos Santos A., Perret P., Lambrechts M. M. 2002. Two blue tit Parus caeruleus populations from Corsica differ in social dominance. J. Avian Biol. 33: 446-450.
• Brodsky L. M., Weatherhead P. J. 1996. Behavioral and ecological factors contributing to American Black Duck-Mallard hybridization. J. Wild. Manage. 48: 846-852.
• Bühl A., Zöfel P. 2002. SPSS Version 10. Einführung in die moderne Datenanalyse unter Windows. Addison-Wesley, München.
• Burton N. H. K., Evans P. R. 2001. Aggressive behaviours and correlates of dominance in purple sandpipers Calidris maritima at a communal winter roost. Ibis 143: 248-254.
• Darwin C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by the Mean of Natural Selection. John Murray, London, del Hoyo J., Elliott A., Sargatal J. 1992. Handbook of the birds of the world. Vol. I. Ostrich to Ducks. Lynx eds, Barcelona.
• Delacour J. 1954-1964. The Waterfowl of the World. Vol. I-IV. Country Life Ltd., London.
• Delany S. 1993. Introduced and escaped Geese in Britain in summer 1991. Brit. Birds 86: 591-599.
• Frazer D. A., Kirkpatrick C. M. 1979. Parental and brood behaviour of Emperor geese in Alaska. Wildfowl 30: 75-85.
• Garcia J. T., Arroyo B. E. 2002. Intra- and interspecific agonistic behaviour in sympatric harriers during the breeding season. Anim. Behav. 64: 77-84.
• Good T. P., Ellis J. C., Annett C. A., Pierotti R. 2000. Bounded hybrid superiority in an avian hybrid zone: effects of mate choice, diet, and habitat choice. Evolution 54: 1774-1783.
• Grant B. R., Grant P. R. 1996. High survival of Darwin's Finch hybrids: effect of beak morphology and diets. Ecology 77: 500-509.
• Gray A. P. 1958. Bird hybrids. A Check-List with Bibliography. Technical Communication No. 13 of the Commonwealth Bureau of Animal Breeding and Genetics. Farnham Royal, Edinburgh.
• Hagemeijer E. J. M., Blair M. J. 1997. The EBCC Atlas of European breeding birds: Their distribution and abundance. T & AD Poyser, London.
• Hinde R. A. 1973. Behavior. In: Farner D. S., King J. R., Parkes K. C. (eds). Avian Biology. Vol. III. pp. 480-535.
• Hurlbert S. H. 1984. Pseudo-replication and the design of ecological field experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54: 187-211.
• Inglis I. R., Lazarus J., Torrance R. L. L. F. 2000. Breeding status and aggressive communication in the harlequin duck Histrionicus histrionicus. Wildfowl 51:139-153.
• Johnsgard P. A. 1965. Handbook of waterfowl behavior. Constable & Co, London.
• Kjaer J. B., Sorenson P., Su G. 2001. Divergent selection on feather pecking behaviour in laying hens Gallus gallus domesticus. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71: 229-239.
• Krebs J. R., Davies N. B. 1996. Einführung in die Verhaltensökologie. Blackwell, Hamburg.
• Kristiansen J. N., Jarrett N. S. 2002. Interspecific competition between Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris and Canada Geese Branta canadensis interior moulting in west Greenland: mechanisms and consequences. Ardea 90:1-13.
• Lazarus J., Inglis I. R. 1978. Breeding behaviour of the Pinkfooted goose: parental care and vigilant behaviour during the fledging period. Behaviour 65: 62-88.
• Lind H., Poulsen H. 1963. On the morphology and behaviour of a hybrid between Goosander and Shelduck Mergus merganser L. x Tadorna tadorna L. Z. Tierpsych. 20: 558-569.
• Lühmann M. 1953. Über die geschlechtsgebundene Vererbung der Färbung bei der Kreuzung von weißen und grauen Gänsen und ihre Bedeutung für die Züchtung von Kennrassen. Archiv Geflügelkunde 17:163-179.
• Machlis L., Dodd P. W. D., Fentress J. C. 1985. The pooling fallacy: problems arising when individuals contribute more than one observation to the data set. Z. Tierpsych. 68: 201-214.
• Madsen J., Mortensen С. E. 1987. Habitat exploitation and interspecific competition of moulting geese in east Greenland. Ibis 129: 25-44.
• Martin P., Bateson P. 1993. Measuring Behaviour. An introductory guide. Cambridge Univ. Press.
• Mason J. R., Clark L. 1990. Sarcosporidiosis observed more frequently in hybrids of mallards and American black ducks. Wilson Bull. 102: 160-162.
• Mathers R. G., Montgomery W. I. 1996. Behaviour of brent geese Branta bernicla and wigeon Anas penelope feeding on intertidal Zostera ssp. Proc. Royal Irish Acad. 96:159-167.
• Meyer J. 1995. Bastardierung von Gänsen in den Rheinauen. Ornithol. Mitt. 47: 31-35.
• Moulia C., Le Brun N., Loubes C., Marin R., Renaud F. 1995. Hybrid vigour against parasites in interspecific crosses between two mice species. Heredity 74: 48-52.
• Nyegaard T., Kristiansen J. N., Fox A. D. 2001. Activity budget of Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris spring staging on Icelandic hayfields. Wildfowl 52: 41-53.
• Owen M. 1980. Wild geese of the world. Fakenham Press, Fakenham.
• Owen M., Black J. M. 1990. Waterfowl ecology. Blackie, Glasgow.
• Paulus S. L. 1988. Time-activity budgets of non-breeding Anatidae: a review. In: Weller M. W. (ed.). Waterfowl in winter. Univ. Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 135-152.
• Pearson S. F., Rohwer S. 2000. Asymmetries in male aggression across an avian hybrid zone. Behav Ecol. 11: 95-101.
• Pietz P. J., Buhl D. A. 1999. Behaviour patterns of mallard Anas platyrhynchos pairs and broods in Minnesota and North Dakota. Wildfowl 50: 101-122.
• Randler C. 2001. Field identification of hybrid wildfowl — Geese. Alula 7: 42-48.
• Randler C. 2002. Behaviour of mallard x red-crested pochard Anas platyrhynchos x Netta rufina hybrids in late winter/early spring. Vogelwarte 41: 287-291.
• Randler C. 2003a. Verhalten eines Hybriden zwischen Kolbenente Netta rufina und Moorente Aythya nyroca. Ornithol. Beob. 100: 59-66.
• Randler C. 2003b. Reactions to human disturbances in an urban population of the Swan Goose Anser cygnoides in Heidelberg SW Germany. Acta Ornithol. 38: 47-52.
• Short L. V. 1975. The contribution of the mule to scientific thought. J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 23: 359-364.
• Stahl J., Drent R. H., van der Jeugd H. 2001a. Opportunistic underlings try their fortune elsewhere: inter-flock exchange in wintering barnacle geese. In: Stahl J. Limits to the co-occurrence of avian herbivores. How geese share scarce resources. Diss. Univ. Groningen.
• Stahl J., Tolsma P. H., Loonen M. J. J. E., Drent R. H. 2001b. Subordinates explore but dominants profit: resource competition in high arctic barnacle goose flocks. Anim. Behav. 61: 257-264.
• Stahl J., Veeneklaas R. M., van der Graaf S. J., Loonen M. J. J. E, Drent R. H. 2001c. Conversion factors for energetic expenditure of actively foraging brent and barnacle geese obtained by non-invasive heart rate telemetry. In: Stahl J. Limits to the co-occurrence of avian herbivores. How geese share scarce resources. Diss. Univ. Groningen.
• Wiedenmann R. N., Rabenold K. N. 1987. The effects of social dominance between two subspecies of dark-eyed juncos, Junco hyemalis. Anim. Behav. 35: 856-864.
• Würdinger I. 1978. Jahres- und tageszeitliche Verteilung von Schlaf, Komfortverhalten, Lokomotion, Nahrungsaufnahme und aggressivem Verhalten bei juvenilen und adulten Streifengänsen Anser indicus vorm. Eulabeia indica. Z. Tierpsych. 46: 306-323.