Terreneuvian stratigraphy and faunas from the Anabar Uplift, Siberia

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Assemblages of mineralized skeletal fossils are described from limestone rocks of the lower Cambrian Nemakit-Daldyn, Medvezhya, Kugda-Yuryakh, Manykay, and lower Emyaksin formations exposed on the western and eastern flanks of the Anabar Uplift of the northern Siberian Platform. The skeletal fossil assemblages consist mainly of anabaritids, molluscs, and hyoliths, and also contain other taxa such as Blastulospongia, Chancelloria, Fomitchella, Hyolithellus, Platysolenites, Protohertzina, and Tianzhushanella. The first tianzhushanellids from Siberia, including Tianzhushanella tolli sp. nov., are described. The morphological variation of Protohertzina anabarica and Anabarites trisulcatus from their type locality is documented. Prominent longitudinal keels in the anabaritid Selindeochrea tripartita are demonstrated. Among the earliest molluscs from the Nemakit-Daldyn Formation, Purella and Yunnanopleura are interpreted as shelly parts of the same species. Fibrous microstructure of the outer layer and a wrinkled inner layer of mineralised cuticle in the organophosphatic sclerites of Fomitchella are reported. A siliceous composition of the globular fossil Blastulospongia is reported herein and a possible protistan affinity similar to Platysolenites is discussed. New carbon isotope data facilitate correlation both across the Anabar Uplift and with the Terreneuvian Series of the IUGS chronostratigraphical scheme for the Cambrian System. The base of Cambrian Stage 2 is provisionally placed herein within the Fortunian‒Cambrian Stage 2 transitional interval bracketed by the lowest appearance of Watsonella crosbyi and by a slightly higher horizon at the peak of carbon isotope excursion Iʹ from western flank of the Anabar Uplift. Correlation across the Siberian Platform of the fossiliferous Medvezhya and lower Emyaksin formations showing δ¹³C carb excursion Iʹ with the upper Sukharikha Formation containing excursion 5p and upper Ust’-Yudoma Formation containing excursion I is supported herein.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Russia; Siberia; Siberian Platform; Anabar Uplift; Carbon; Terreneuvian; Mollusca; small shelly fossil; carbon isotope; stratigraphy; paleontology; paleozoology

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: 62
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.311-440,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

Bibliografia

• Abaimova, G.P. 1976. The oldest gastropods of Siberia [in Russian]. In: I.T. Žuravleva (ed.), Stratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ nižnego kembriâ SSSR. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR 296: 174–175.
• Antcliffe, J.B., Callow, R.H., and Brasier, M.D. 2014. Giving the early fossil record of sponges a squeeze. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 89 (4): 972–1004.
• Azmi, R.J. 1996. Evidence for soft tissue basal support in earliest Cambrian protoconodonts from the Lesser Himalaya: conodont function and affinity. In: J. Pandey, R.J. Azmi, A. Bhandari, and A. Dave (eds.), Contributions to the XV Indian Colloqium on Micropaleontology and Stratigraphy, 457–461. Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun.
• Balthasar, U. 2008. Mummpikia gen. nov. and the origin of calcitic−shelled brachiopods. Palaeontology 51: 263–279.
• Barrande, J. 1881. Systême Siluriené du centre de la Bohême, Vol. 6, Classe des Mollusques. Ordre des Acéphalés. 342 pp. Chez l’auteur et éditeur, Paris.
• Bengtson, S. 1976. The structure of some Middle Cambrian conodonts, and the early evolution of conodont structure and function. Lethaia 9: 185–206.
• Bengtson, S. 1983. The early history of the Conodonta. Fossils and Strata 15: 5–19.
• Bengtson, S. 1986. Siliceous microfossils from the Upper Cambrian of Queensland. Alcheringa 10: 195–216.
• Bengtson, S. 1992. The cap-shaped Cambrian fossil Maikhanella and the relationship between coeloscleritophorans and molluscs. Lethaia 25: 401–420.
• Bengtson, S. and Collins, D. 2015. Chancelloriids of the Cambrian Burgess Shale. Palaeontologia Electronica 18.1.6A: 1–67. http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2015/1031-chancelloriids Bengtson, S. and Fletcher, T.P. 1983. The oldest sequence of skeletal fossils in the Lower Cambrian of southeastern Newfoundland. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 20: 525–536.
• Bengtson, S. and Kouchinsky, A. 2009. Virtual dissection of an early cnidarian embryo. 9th North American Paleontological Convention, 21th–26th June, 123. University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.
• Bengtson, S. and Yue, Z. 1997. Fossilized metazoan embryos from the earliest Cambrian. Science 277: 1645–1648.
• Bengtson, S., Conway Morris, S., Cooper, B.J., Jell, P.A., and Runnegar, B.N. 1990. Early Cambrian fossils from South Australia. Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, Memoir 9: 1–364.
• Bengtson, S., Fedorov, A.B., Missarzhevsky, V.V., Rozanov, A.Y., Zhegallo, E.A., and Zhuravlev, A.Y. 1987. Tumulduria incomperta and the case for Tommotian trilobites. Lethaia 20: 361–370.
• Billings, E. 1872. On some new species of Palaeozoic fossils. The Canadian Naturalist and Quarterly Journal of Science. With Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Montreal 6: 213–222, 240.
• Bokova, A.R. 1985. The oldest complex of the Cambrian organisms of western Anabar region [in Russian]. In: V.V. Homentovskij (ed.), Stratigrafiâ pozdnego dokembriâ i rannego paleozoâ Sibiri. Vend i rifej, 13–28. Institut Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Bokova, A.R. 1990. New Lower Cambrian gastropods from the Siberian Platform. Paleontological Journal 24: 134–136.
• Bokova, A.R. 1992. Biostratigrafiâ i skeletnye zooproblematiki nižnego kembriâ vostoka Sibirskoj platformy. 147 pp. Unpublished doctoral candidate thesis, Âkutskij institut geologičeskih nauk, SO AN SSSR.
• Bokova, A.R. and Vasil’eva, N.I. 1990. Some new species of skeletal problematics from the Lower Cambrian of the Olenyok Uplift [in Russian]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR 783: 1–159.
• Bowring, S.A., Grotzinger, J.P., Isachsen, C.E., Knoll, A.H., Pelechaty, S.M., and Kolosov, P. 1993. Calibrating rates of Early Cambrian evolution. Science 261: 1293–1298.
• Brasier, M.D. 1986. The sequence of small shelly fossils (especially conoidal microfossils) from English Precambrian–Cambrian boundary beds. Geological Magazine 123: 237–256.
• Brasier, M.D. 1989. Towards a biostratigraphy of the earliest skeletal biotas. In: J.W. Cowie and M.D. Brasier (eds.), The Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary, 117–165. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
• Brasier, M.D. and Singh, P. 1987. Microfossils and Precambrian–Cambrian boundary stratigraphy at Maldeota, Lesser Himalaya. Geological Magazine 124: 323–345.
• Brasier, M.D., Khomentovsky, V.V., and Corfield, R.M. 1993. Stable isotopic calibration of the earliest skeletal fossil assemblages in eastern Siberia (Precambrian–Cambrian boundary). Terra Nova 5: 225–232.
• Brasier, M.D., Magaritz, M., Corfield, R., Luo, H., Wu, X., Ouyang, L., Jiang, Z., Hamdi, B., He, T., and Frazier, A.G. 1990. The carbon- and oxygen-isotopic record of the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary interval in China and Iran and their correlation. Geological Magazine 127: 319–332.
• Brasier, M.D., McIlroy, D., Liu, A.G., Antcliffe, J.B., and Menon, L.R. 2013. The oldest evidence of bioturbation on Earth: comment. Geology 41: e289.
• Brasier, M.D., Rozanov, A.Y., Zhuravlev, A.Y., Corfield, R.M., and Derry, L.A. 1994. A carbon isotope reference scale for the Lower Cambrian succession in Siberia: report of IGCP project 303. Geological Magazine 131: 767–783.
• Brasier, M.D., Shields, G., Kuleshov, V.N., and Zhegallo, E.A. 1996. Integrated chemo- and biostratigraphic calibration of early animal evolution: Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian of southwest Mongolia. Geological Magazine 133: 445–485.
• Butterfield, N.J. 2006. Hooking some stem-group “worms”: fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale. BioEssays 28: 1161–1166.
• Chang, S., Feng, Q., Clausen, S., and Zhang, L. 2017. Sponge spicules from the lower Cambrian in the Yanjiahe Formation, South China: The earliest biomineralizing sponge record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 474: 36–44.
• Chen, M. 1979. Some skeletal fossils from the phosphatic sequence, early Lower Cambrian, South China [in Chinese]. Scientia Geologica Sinica 2: 187–189.
• Chen, P. 1984. Discovery of Lower Cambrian Small Shelly Fossils from Jijiapo, Yichang, West Hubei and its significance [in Chinese with English abstract]. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 13: 49–64.
• Chen, Y. and Zhang, S. 1980. Small shelly fossils from the early Lower Cambrian, Sonlingpo, eastern Yangtze Gorges [in Chinese]. Geological Review 26: 190–197.
• Cobbold, E.S. 1921. The Cambrian horizons of Comley (Shropshire) and their Brachiopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, etc. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 76: 325–386.
• Cobbold, E.S. 1935. Lower Cambrian from Herault, France. The Annals and Magazine of Natural History 16: 25–48.
• Compston, W., Zhang, Z., Cooper, J.A., Ma, G., and Jenkins, R.J.F. 2008. Further SHRIMP geochronology on the early Cambrian of South China. American Journal of Science 308: 399–420.
• Conway Morris, S. and Caron, J.-B. 2007. Halwaxiids and the early evolution of lophotrochozoans. Science 315: 1255–1258.
• Conway Morris, S. and Chen, M. 1990. Blastulospongia polytreta n. sp., an enigmatic organism from the Lower Cambrian of Hubei, China. Journal of Paleontology 64: 26–30.
• Conway Morris, S. and Fritz, W.A. 1980. Shelly microfossils near the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary, Mackenzie Montains, northwestern Canada. Nature 286: 381–384.
• Conway Morris, S. and Peel, J.S. 1995. Articulated halkieriids from the Lower Cambrian of North Greenland and their role in early protostome evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 347: 305–358.
• Cuvier, G. 1797. Tableau élementaire de l’historie naturelle des animaux. 710 pp. Baudouin, Paris.
• d’Orbigny, A.D. 1826. Tableau méthodique de la classe des Céphalopodes: Annales des Sciences Naturelles, sér. 1 7: 245–314.
• Datsenko, V.A. [Dacenko, V.A.], Zhuravleva, I.T. [Žuravleva, I.T.], Lazarenko, N.P., Popov, Y.N. [Popov, Û.N.], and Chernysheva, N.E. [Černyševa, N.E.] 1968. Biostratigraphy and fauna of the Cambrian deposits of north-western Siberian platform [in Russian]. Trudy NIIGA 155: 1–242.
• De Blainville, H.M. 1816. Prodrome d’une nouvelle distribution systématique du règne animal. Bulletin de la Société Philomatique de Paris 8: 113–124.
• Demidenko, Y.E. 2016. Morphology, taxonomic position, and stratigraphic distribution of the early Cambrian skeletal problematics Mobergella radiolata Bengtson, 1968. Paleontological Journal 50: 435–449.
• Demidenko, Y.E. and Parkhaev, P.Y. 2014. On the problem of recognition of the lower Tommotian boundary using the SSF. In: R. Zhan and B. Huang (eds.), Extended Summary, IGCP Project 591 Field Workshop 2014, 26–31. Nanjing University Press, Nanjing.
• Demokidov, K.K. 1956. General aspects of geological structure of the LenaOlenyok region [in Russian]. Trudy NIIGA 89: 22–37.
• Demokidov, K.K. 1958. On stratigraphic subdivision of Cambrian deposits of northern Siberian Platform [in Russian]. Trudy NIIGA 67: 3–12.
• Demokidov, K.K. and Lazarenko, N.P. 1964. Stratigrafiâ verhnego dokembriâ i kembriâ i nižnekembrijskie trilobity severnoj časti Srednej Sibiri i ostrovov Sovetskoj Arktiki. 288 pp. Nedra, Moskva.
• Devaere, L., Clausen, S., Steiner, M., Álvaro, J.J., and Vachard, D. 2013. Chronostratigraphic and palaeogeographic significance of an early Cambrian microfauna from the Heraultia Limestone, northern Montagne Noire, France. Palaeontologia Electronica 16 (2): 17A. http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2013/298-french-cambrian-microfauna
• Dong, X.-P., Cunningham, J.A., Bengtson, S., Thomas, C.-W., Liu, J., Stampanoni, M., and Donoghue, P.C.J. 2013. Embryos, polyps and medusae of the Early Cambrian scyphozoan Olivooides. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280: 20130071.
• Dong, X.-P., Vargas, K., Cunningham, J.A., Zhang, H., Liu, T., Chen, F., Liu, J., Bengtson, S., and Donoghue, P.C.J. 2016. Developmental biology of the early Cambrian cnidarian Olivooides. Palaeontology 59: 387–407.
• Dyatlova, I.N. [Dâtlova, I.N.], Dronov, A.N., and Trofimov, V.R. 1990. New data on stratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian of western flanks of the Anabar Uplift [in Russian]. In: R.S. Matuhin and V.Y. Šenfil’ (eds.), Biostratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ kembriâ Severnoj Asii, 123–135. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
• Dzik, J. 1994. Evolution of “small shelly fossils” assemblages of the Early Paleozoic. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 39: 247–313.
• Dzik, J. and Mazurek, D. 2013. Affinities of the alleged earliest Cambrian gastropod Aldanella. Canadian Journal of Zoology 91: 914–923.
• Egorova, L.I. and Savitzky, V.E. [Savickij, V.E.] 1969. Stratigraphy and biofacies of the Cambrian of the Siberian Platform (western flanks of the Anabar Uplift) [in Russian]. Trudy SNIIGGIMS 43: 1–408.
• Eichwald, E. 1860. Lethaea rossica ou palaeontologie de la Russie. 1657 pp. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart.
• Elicki, O. and Gürsu, S. 2009. First record of Pojetaia runnegari Jell, 1980 and Fordilla Barrande, 1881 from the Middle East (Taurus Mountains, Turkey) and critical review of Cambrian bivalves. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 83: 267–291.
• Esakova, N.V. and Zhegallo, E.A. [Žegallo, E.A.] 1996. Biostratigraphy and fauna of the Lower Cambrian of Mongolia [in Russian]. In: A.Û. Rozanov (ed.), Trudy Sovmestnoj Rossijsko-Mongol’skoj Paleontologičeskoj Ekspeditsii 46: 1–216.
• Fedonkin, M.A. 1985. Palaeoichnology of the Vendian Metazoa [in Russian]. In: B.S. Sokolov and A.B. Ivanovskij (eds.), Vendskaâ sistema. Istoriko-geologičeskoe i paleontologičeskoe obosnovanie 1. Paleontologiâ, 112–117. Nauka, Moskva.
• Fedorov, A.B. 1984. New representatives of the skeletal biota from stratotype sections of the Precambrian–Cambrian of the Siberian Platform (Aldan and Kotuj rivers) [in Russian]. In: V.S. Surkov (ed.), Novye vidy drevnih bespozvonočnyh i rastenij neftegazonosnyh provintsij Sibiri, 5–9. SNIIGGiMS, Novosibirsk.
• Fedorov, A.B. and Shishkin, B.B. [Šiškin, B.B.] 1984. Lower Cambrian boundary in the northern part of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. In: V.I. Krasnov (ed.), Problemy ârusnogo rasčleneniâ sistem fanerozoâ Sibiri, 5–14. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
• Felitsyn, S. 1992. Rare element concentrations indicating the agglutinating character of Lower Cambrian Platysolenites tubes. Lethaia 25: 131–133.
• Feng,W.M. and Sun,W.G. 2003. Phosphate replicated and replaced microstructure of molluscan shells from the earliest Cambrian of China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48: 21–30.
• Feng,W., Sun,W., and Qian, Y. 2001a. Skeletalization characters, classification and evolutionary significance of Early Cambrian monoplacophoran maikhanellids. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 40: 195–213.
• Feng, W., Xinan, M., and Kouchinsky, A. 2001b. Hyolith-type microstructure in a mollusc-like fossil from the Early Cambrian of Yunnan, China. Lethaia 34: 303–308.
• Fisher, D.W. 1962. Other small conoidal shells. In: R.C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part W. Miscellanea, W98–W143. Geological Society of America, Boulder and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
• Germs, G.L. 1972. New shelly fossils from the Nama Group, South West Africa. American Journal of Science 272: 752–761.
• Geyer, G. 1994. Middle Cambrian mollusks from Idaho and early conchiferan evolution. In: E. Landing (ed.), Studies in Stratigraphy and Paleontology in Honor of Donald W. Fisher. Bulletin of the New York State Museum 481: 69–86.
• Glaessner, M.F. 1978. The oldest Foraminifera. Australian Bureau for Mineral Research, Geology and Geophysics Bulletin 192: 61–65.
• Golubev, S.N. 1976. Ontogenetic changes and evolutionary trends in Early Cambrian spiral gastropods of the superfamily Pelagiellacea. Paleontological Journal 10: 143–149.
• Grabau, A.W. 1900. Pa1aeontology of the Cambrian terranes of the Boston Basin. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History 4: 601–694.
• Gravestock, D.I., Alexander, E.M., Demidenko, Y.E., Esakova, N.V., Holmer, L.E., Jago, J.B., Lin, T., Melnikova, L.M., Parkhaev, P.Y., Rozanov, A.Y., Ushatinskaya, G.T., Zang, W., Zhegallo, E.A., and Zhuravlev, A.Y. 2001. The Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Stansbury Basin, South Australia. Transactions of the Palaeontological Institute 282: 1–344.
• Gubanov, A.P. 1998. The Early Cambrian molluscan evolution and its palaeogeographic implications. Acta Universitatis Carolinae, Geologica 42: 419–422.
• Gubanov, A.P. 2002. Early Cambrian palaeogeography and the Iberia–Siberia connection. Tectonophysics 352: 153–168.
• Gubanov, A.P. and Peel, J.S. 1998. Redescription of the type species of Latouchella Cobbold, 1921 (Mollusca) from the Lower Cambrian of Comley (England). GFF 120: 17–20.
• Gubanov, A.P. and Peel, J.S. 1999. Oelandiella, the earliest Cambrian helcionelloid mollusc from Siberia. Palaeontology 42: 211–222.
• Gubanov, A.P. and Peel, J.S. 2003. The Early Cambrian helcionelloid mollusk Anabarella Vostokova. Palaeontology 46: 1073–1087.
• Gubanov, A.P., Fernández Remolar, D.C., and Peel, J.S. 2004a. Early Cambrian molluscs from Sierra de Córdoba (Spain). Geobios 37: 199–215.
• Gubanov, A.P., Kouchinsky, A., and Peel, J.S. 1999. The first evolutionary adaptive lineage within fossil molluscs. Lethaia 32: 155–157.
• Gubanov, A.P., Kouchinsky, A., Peel, J.S., and Bengtson, S. 2004b. Middle Cambrian molluscs of “Australian” aspect from northern Siberia. Alcheringa 28: 1–20.
• Hamdi, B. 1989. Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of the Late Precambrian to Early Cambrian in the Alborz Mountains, Northern Iran. Geological Survey of Iran, Report 59: 1–41.
• Hamdi, B. 1995. Precambriam‒Cambrian deposits in Iran [in Farsi]. In: A. Hushmandzadeh (ed.), Treatise on the Geology of Iran 20: 1–303.
• Hamdi, B., Brasier, M.D., and Jiang, Z. 1989. Earliest skeletal fossils from Precambrian–Cambrian boundary strata, Elburz Mountains, Iran. Geological Magazine 126: 283–289.
• Hatschek, B. 1888. Lehrbuch der Zoologie: eine morphologische Übersicht des Thierreiches zur Einführung in das Studium dieser Wissenschaft. 450 pp. G. Fischer, Jena.
• Hinz, I. 1987. The Lower Cambrian microfauna of Comley and Rushton, Shropshire/England. Palaeontographica A 198: 41–100.
• Holm, G. 1893. Sveriges kambrisk-siluriska Hyolithidae och Conulariidae. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Afhandlingar och Uppsatser C 112: 1–172.
• Holzapfel, E. 1895. Das Obere Mitteldevon (Schichten mit Stringocephalus Burtini un Maeneceras terbratum) in Rheinischen Gebirge. Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussischen Geologischen Landesanstalt, Neue Folge 16: 1–460.
• Hughes, N.C., Peng, S., Bhargava, O.N., Ahluwalia, A.D., Walia, S., Myrow, P.M., and Parcha, S.K. 2005. Cambrian biostratigraphy of the Tal Group, Lesser Himalaya, India, and early Tsanglangpuan (late early Cambrian) trilobites from the Nigali Dhar syncline. Geological Magazine 142: 57–80.
• Isakar, M. and Peel, J.S. 2007. Lower Cambrian helcionelloid molluscs from Estonia. GFF 129: 255–262.
• Isachsen, C.E., Bowring, S.A., Landing, E., and Samson, S.D. 1994. New constraint on the division of Cambrian time. Geology 22: 496–498.
• Jacquet, S.M., Brougham, T., Skovsted, C.B., Jago, J.B., Laurie, J.R., Betts, M.J., and Topper, T.P. 2016. Watsonella crosbyi from the lower Cambrian (Terreneuvian, Stage 2) Normanville Group in South Australia. Geological Magazine 131: 767–783.
• Jell, P. 1980. Earliest known pelecypod on Earth—a new Cambrian genus from South Australia. Alcheringa 4: 233‒239.
• Jiang, Z. 1980. The Meishucun Stage and fauna of the jinning county, Yunnan [in Chinese, with English summary]. Bulletin of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Series I 2: 1, 75‒92.
• Karlova, G.A. 1987. First finds of skeletal fauna in the Turkut Formation of the Olenyok Uplift [in Russian]. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 292: 204–205.
• Karlova, G.A. and Vodanyuk, S.A. [Vodanûk, S.A.] 1985. New data on the deposits transitional to the Cambrian from the Khorbosuonka River basin (Olenyok Uplift) [in Russian]. In: V.V. Homentovskij (ed.), Strati grafiâ pozdnego dokembriâ i rannego paleozoâ Sibiri. Vend i rifej, 3–13. Institut Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Kaufman, A.J., Knoll, A.H., Semikhatov, M.A., Grotzinger, J.P., Jacobsen, S.B., and Adams, W. 1996. Integrated chronostratigraphy of Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary beds in the western Anabar region, northern Siberia. Geological Magazine 133: 509–533.
• Kaufman, A.J., Peek, S., Martin, A.J., Cui, H., Grazhdankin, D., Rogov, V., Xiao, S., Buchwaldt, R., and Bowring, S. 2012. A shorter fuse for the Cambrian Explosion? Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 44 (7): 326.
• Kerber, M. 1988. Mikrofossilien aus unterkambrischen Gesteinen der Montagne Noire, Frankreich. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 202: 127–203.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. [Homentovskij, V.V.] 2008. The Yudomian of Siberia, Vendian and Ediacaran Systems of the International Stratigraphic Scale. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 16: 581–598.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. [Homentovskij, V.V.] and Gibsher, A.S. [Gibšer, A.S.] 1996. The Neoproterozoic–lower Cambrian in northern Govi-Altay, western Mongolia: regional setting, lithostratigraphy and biostratigraphy. Geological Magazine 133: 371–390.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. [Homentovskij, V.V.] and Karlova, G.A. 1989. Vendian–Cambrian beds of the Dzhandy River section and their analogs in the East Siberian reference sections [in Russian]. In: V.V. Homentovskij, Û.K. Sovetov, V.Û. Šenfil’, M.S. Âkšin, and V.B. Morâkin (eds.), Pozdnij dokembrij i rannij paleozoj Sibiri. Aktual’nye voprosy stratigrafii, 23–61. IGiG SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. [Homentovskij, V.V.] and Karlova, G.A. 1992. The Lower Cambrian boundary and its justification in Siberia [in Russian]. Geologiâ i Geofizika 11: 3–26.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. and Karlova, G.A. 1993. Biostratigraphy of the Vendian–Cambrian boundary beds and the Lower Cambrian boundary in Siberia. Geological Magazine 130 (1): 25–45.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. and Karlova, G.A. 1994. Pecularities of ecology of the Vendian–Cambrian small shelly biotas of the Siberian Platform. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 2 (3): 8–17.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. and Karlova, G.A. 2002. The boundary between the Nemakit-Daldynian and Tommotian Stages (Vendian–Cambrian Systems) of Siberia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 10: 217–238.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. and Karlova, G.A. 2005. The Tommotian Stage base as the Cambrian lower boundary in Siberia. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 13: 21–34.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. [Homentovskij, V.V.], Didenko, A.N., and Pyatiletov, V.G. [Pâtiletov, V.G.] 1982. General conclusions on stratigraphy of the Vendian of the western flanks of the Anabar Uplift [in Russian]. In: V.V. Homentovskij, M.S. Âkšin, and S.S. Bragin (eds.), Novye dannye po stratigrafii pozdnego dokembriâ Sibiri, 3–20. Institut Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Khomentovsky, V.V., Fedorov, A.B., and Karlova, G.A. 1998. The lower Cambrian boundary in the inner areas of the north Siberian Platform. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 6: 293–302.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. [Homentovskij, V.V.], Val’kov, A.K., and Karlova, G.A. 1990. New data on the biostratigraphy of transitional Vendian–Cambrian strata on the middle reaches of the Aldan River [in Russian]. In: V.V. Homentovskij and A.S. Gibšer (eds.), Pozdnij dokembrij i rannij paleozoj Sibiri. Voprosy regional’noj stratigrafii, 3–57. Institut Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Khomentovsky, V.V. [Homentovskij, V.V.], Val’kov, A.K., Karlova, G.A., and Nuzhnov, S.V. [Nužnov, S.V.] 1983. Reference section of the Precambrian–Cambrian deposits on the Gonam River [in Russian]. In: V.V. Homentovskij, M.S. Âkšin, and G.A. Karlova (eds.), Pozdnij dokembrij i rannij paleozoj Sibiri. Vendskie otloženiâ, 29–44. Institut Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Knoll, A.H., Grotzinger, J.P., Kaufman, A.J., and Kolosov, P. 1995a. Integrated approaches to terminal Proterozoic stratigraphy: An example from the Olenek Uplift, northeastern Siberia. Precambrian Research 73: 251–270.
• Knoll, A.H., Kaufman, A.J., Semikhatov, M.A., Grotzinger, J.P., and Adams, W. 1995b. Sizing up the sub-Tommotian unconformity in Siberia. Geology 23: 1139–1143.
• Kobayashi, T. 1939. Restudy of Lorenz’s Raphistoma bröggeri from Shantung with a note on Pelagiella. In: Jubilee Publication in Commemoration of Professor H. Yabe’s 60th Birthday, 283–288. Yabe kyoju kanreki kinen kai, Sendai.
• Kontorovich, A.E., Varlamov, A.I., Grazhdankin, D.V., Karlova, G.A., Klets, A.G., Kontorovich, V.A., Saraev, S.V., Terleev, A.A., Belyaev, S.Y., Varaksina, I.V., Efimov, A.S., Kochnev, B.B., Nagovitsin, K.E., Postnikov, A.A., and Filippov, Y.F. 2008. A section of Vendian in the east of the West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Vostok 3 Borehole). Russian Geology and Geophysics 49: 932–939.
• Kouchinsky, A. [Kučinskij, A.] 1994. Ichnofossils from the Manykay Formation (Lower Cambrian) in northwestern Anabar Uplift [in Russian]. Bûlleten’ Moskovskogo Obŝestva Ispytatelej Prirody, seriâ geologičeskaâ 69 (4): 55–62.
• Kouchinsky, A. 1999. Shell microstructures of the Early Cambrian Anabarella and Watsonella as new evidence on the origin of the Rostroconchia. Lethaia 32: 173–180.
• Kouchinsky, A. 2000a. Shell microstructures in Early Cambrian molluscs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45: 119–150.
• Kouchinsky, A. 2000b. Skeletal microstructures of hyoliths from the Early Cambrian of Siberia. Alcheringa 24: 65–81.
• Kouchinsky, A. and Bengtson, S. 2002. The tube wall of Cambrian anabaritids. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 431–444.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., and Gershwin, L. 1999. Cnidarian-like embryos associated with the first shelly fossils in Siberia. Geology 27: 609–612.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., and Murdock, D. 2010. A new tannuolinid problematic from the lower Cambrian of the Sukharikha River in northern Siberia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55: 321–331.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Clausen, S., and Vendrasco, M.J. 2015a. An early Cambrian fauna of skeletal fossils from the Emyaksin Formation, northern Siberia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60: 421–512.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Clausen, S., Gubanov, A. P., Malinky, J.M., and Peel, J.S. 2011. A Middle Cambrian fauna of skeletal fossils from the Kuonamka Formation, northern Siberia. Alcheringa 35: 123–189.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson S., Feng W., Kutygin R., and Val’kov A. 2009. The Lower Cambrian fossil anabaritids: affinities, occurrences and systematics. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 241–298.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Gallet, Y., Korovnikov, I., Pavlov, V., Runnegar, B., Shields, G., Veizer, J., Young, E., and Ziegler, K. 2008. The SPICE carbon isotope excursion in Siberia: a combined study of the upper Middle Cambrian–lowermost Ordovician Kulyumbe River section, northwestern Siberian Platform. Geological Magazine 145: 609–622.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Missarzhevsky, V., Pelechaty, S., Torssander, P., and Val’kov, A. 2001. Carbon isotope stratigraphy and the problem of a pre-Tommotian Stage in Siberia. Geological Magazine 138: 387–396.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Pavlov, V., Runnegar, B., Torssander, P., Young, E., and Ziegler, K. 2007. Carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Precambrian–Cambrian Sukharikha River section, northwestern Siberian platform. Geological Magazine 144: 1–10.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Pavlov, V., Runnegar, B., Val’kov, A., and Young, E. 2005. Pre-Tommotian age of the lower Pestrotsvet Formation in the Selinde section on the Siberian platform: Carbon isotopic evidence. Geological Magazine 142: 319–325.
• Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Runnegar, B., Skovsted, C., Steiner, M., and Vendrasco, M.J. 2012. Chronology of early Cambrian biomineralisation. Geological Magazine 149: 221–251.
• Kouchinsky, A., Holmer, L.E., Steiner, M., and Ushatinskaya, G.T. 2015b. The new stem-group brachiopod Oymurania from the lower Cambrian of Siberia. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60: 963–980.
• Landing, E. 1984. Skeleton of lapworthellids and the suprageneric classification of tommotiids (Early and Middle Cambrian phosphatic problematica). Journal of Paleontology 58: 1380–1398.
• Landing, E. 1988. Lower Cambrian of eastern Massachusetts: stratigraphy and small shelly fossils. Journal of Paleontology 62: 661–695.
• Landing, E. 1991. Upper Precambrian through Lower Cambrian of Cape Breton Island: faunas, paleoenvironments, and stratigraphic revision. Journal of Paleontology 65: 570–595.
• Landing, E. 1993. In situ earliest Cambrian tube worms and the oldest metazoan-constructed biostrome (Placentian Series, Southeastern Newfoundland). Journal of Paleontology 67: 333–342.
• Landing, E. 1994. Precambrian–Cambrian global stratotype ratified and a new perspective of Cambrian time. Geology 22: 179–182.
• Landing, E. 1995. Upper Placentian‒Branchian Series of mainland Nova Scotia (middle‒upper Lower Cambrian): faunas, paleoenvironments, and stratigraphic revision. Journal of Paleontology 69: 475‒495.
• Landing, E. 1996. Reconstructing the Avalon continent: marginal-to-inner platform transition in the Cambrian of Avalonian New Brunswick. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33: 623–632.
• Landing, E. 2004. Precambrian–Cambrian boundary interval deposition and the marginal platform of the Avalon microcontinent. Journal of Geodynamics 37: 411–435.
• Landing, E. and Brett, C.E. 1982. Lower Cambrian of eastern Massachusetts: microfaunal sequence and the oldest known borings. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 14: 33.
• Landing, E. and Geyer, G. 2012. Misplaced faith—limitations of the first appearance datum (FAD) in chronostratigraphy and proposal of more robust Lower Cambrian correlation standards. In: Y. Zhao, M.Y. Zhu, J. Peng, R.R. Gaines, and R.L. Parsley (eds.), Cryogenian–Ediacaran to Cambrian Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Guizhou, China. Journal of Guizhou University (Natural Sciences) 29 (Supplement 1): 170–171.
• Landing, E. and Kouchinsky, A. 2016. Correlation of the Cambrian Evolutionary Radiation: geochronology, evolutionary stasis of earliest Cambrian (Terreneuvian) small shelly fossil (SSF) taxa, and chronostratigraphic significance. Geological Magazine 153: 750–756.
• Landing, E. and Kruse, P.D. 2017. Integrated stratigraphic, geochemical, and paleontological late Ediacaran to early Cambrian records from southwestern Mongolia. Comment. Geological Society of America Bulletin 129: 1–15.
• Landing, E. and Murphy, J.B. 1991. Uppermost Precambrian(?)–Lower Cambrian of mainland Nova Scotia: faunas, depositional environment, and stratigraphic revision. Journal of Paleontology 65: 382–396.
• Landing, E. and Westrop, S.R. 2004. Environmental patterns in the origin and evolution and diversification loci of Early Cambrian skeletalized Metazoa: evidence from the Avalon microcontinent. In: J.H. Lipps and B. Wagoner (eds.), Neoproterozoic–Cambrian Biological Revolutions. Paleontological Society Paper 10: 93–105.
• Landing, E., Bowring, S.A., Davidek, K., Westrop, S.R., Geyer, G., and Heldmaier, W. 1998. Duration of the Early Cambrian: U-Pb ages of volcanic ashes from Avalon and Gondwana. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35: 329–338.
• Landing, E., Geyer, G., and Bartowski, K.E. 2002. Latest Early Cambrian small shelly fossils, trilobites, and Hatch Hill dysoxic interval on the Quebec continental slope. Journal of Paleontology 76: 287‒305.
• Landing, E., Geyer, G., Brasier, M.D., and Bowring, S.A. 2013. Cambrian Evolutionary Radiation: context, correlation, and chronostratigraphy–overcoming deficiencies of the first appearance datum (FAD) concept. Earth-Science Reviews 123: 133–172.
• Landing, E., Myrow, P., Benus, A.P., and Narbonne, G.M. 1989. The Placentian Series: appearance of the oldest skeletalized faunas in southeastern Newfoundland. Journal of Paleontology 63: 739‒769.
• Landing, E., Narbonne, G.M., Myrow, P., Benus, A.P., and Anderson, M.M. 1988. Faunas and depositional environments of the upper Precambrian through Lower Cambrian, southeastern Newfoundland. In: E. Landing, G.M. Narbonne, and P. Myrow (eds.), Trace Fossils, Small Shelly Fossils, and the Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary. New York State Museum Bulletin 463: 18–52.
• Landing, E., Nowlan, G.S., and Fletcher, T.P. 1980. A microfauna associated with Early Cambrian trilobites of the Callavia Zone, norther Antigonish Highlands, Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 17: 400–418.
• Landing, E., Peng, S.C., Babcock, L.E., Geyer, G., and Moczydłowska-Vidal, M. 2007. Global standard names for the lowermost Cambrian series and stage. Episodes 30: 283–289.
• Landing, E., Rushton, A.W.A., Fortey, R.A., and Bowring, S.A. 2015. Improved geochronologic accuracy and precision for the ICS chronostratigraphic charts: Examples from the late Cambrian–Early Ordovician. Episodes 38: 154–161.
• Lendzion, K. 1977. First gastropod fauna from the Klimontovian Stage (Lower Cambrian) of southeastern Poland. Kwartalnik Geologiczny 21: 239–243.
• Leuckart, R. 1854. Salpen und Verwandte. Zoologische Untersuchungen Giessen 2: 47–63.
• Li, D., Ling, H.F., Jiang, S.Y., Pan, J.Y., Chen, Y.Q., Cai, Y.F., and Feng, H.Z. 2009. New carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary interval from SW China: implications for global correlation. Geological Magazine 146: 465–484.
• Li, G. 2012. Diverse stem-group brachiopod fossils from the lower Cambrian of South China. 2012 Geological Society of America Annual Meeting in Charlotte. Abstracts with Programs 44: 326.
• Li, G. and Chen, J. 1992. Early Cambrian cap-shaped lathamellids: their microstructures and systematic [in Chinese]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 31: 467–480.
• Li, G., Steiner, M., Zhu, M., Zhu, X., and Erdtmann, B.-D. 2007. Early Cambrian fossil record of metazoans in South China: generic diversity and radiation patterns. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254: 226–246.
• Li, G., Zhang, Z., Hua, H., and Yang, H. 2014. Occurrence of the enigmatic bivalve fossil Apistoconcha in the lower Cambrian of southeast Shaanxi, North China Platform. Journal of Paleontology 88: 359–366.
• Li, G., Zhao, X., Gubanov, A., Zhu, M., and Na, L. 2011. Early Cambrian Mollusc Watsonella crosbyi: A potential GSSP index fossil for the base of the Cambrian Stage 2. Acta Geologica Sinica 85: 309–319.
• Linnarsson, J.G.O. 1871. Om några försteningar från Sveriges och Norges “Primordialzon”. Öfversikt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 6: 789–796.
• Linsley, R.M. and Kier, W.M. 1984. The Paragastropoda: A proposal for a new class of Paleozoic Mollusca. Malacologia 25: 241–254.
• Liu, D. 1979. Earliest Cambrian brachiopods from southwest China [in Chinese]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 18: 505–511.
• Liu, Y., Li, Y., Shao, T., Zhang, H., Wang, Q., and Qiao, J. 2014. Quadrapyrgites from the lower Cambrian of South China: growth pattern, post-embryonic development, and affinity. Chinese Science Bulletin 59: 4086–4095.
• Luo, H., Jiang, Z., Wu, X., Song, X., Ouyang, L., Zhang, S., Luo, W., Xue, X., Li, P., Liang, Q., Xie, Y., and Li, X. 1982. The Sinian–Cambrian boundary in eastern Yunnan, China [in Chinese, with English summary]. 265 pp. People’s Publishing House, Yunnan.
• Luchinina, V.A. [Lučinina, V.A.], Korovnikov, I.V., Sipin, D.P., and Fedoseev, A.V. 1997. Biostratigraphy of the Upper Vendian–Lower Cambrian Sukharikha River section (Siberian platform) [in Russian]. Geologiâ i geofizika 38: 1346–1358.
• MacKinnon, D.I. 1985. New Zealand late Middle Cambrian molluscs and the origin of Rostroconchia and Bivalvia. Alcheringa 9: 65–81.
• Magaritz, M. 1989. δ¹³C minima follow extinction events: A clue to faunal radiation. Geology 17: 337–340.
• Magaritz, M., Holser, W.T., and Kirschvink, J. L. 1986. Carbon isotope events across the Precambrian/Cambrian boundary on the Siberian Platform. Nature 320: 258–259.
• Magaritz, M., Latham, A.J., Kirschvink, J.L., Zhuravlev, A.Y., and Rozanov, A.Y. 1991. Precambrian–Cambrian boundary problem I: Carbon isotope correlations for Vendian and Tommotian time between Siberia and Morocco. Geology 19: 847–850.
• Maloof, A.C., Porter, S.M., More, J.L., Dudás, F.Ö., Bowring, S.A., Higgins, J.A., Fike, D.A., and Eddy, M.P. 2010a. The earliest Cambrian record of animals and ocean geochemical change. Geological Society of America Bulletin 122: 1731–1774.
• Maloof, A.C., Ramezani, J., Bowring, S.A., Fike, D.A., Porter, S.M., and Mazouad, M. 2010b. Constraints on early carbon cycling from the duration of the Nemakit-Daldynian–Tommotian boundary δ¹³C shift, Morocco. Geology 38: 623–626.
• Maloof, A., Schrag, D., Crowley, J., and Bowring, S. 2005. An expanded record of early Cambrian carbon cycling from the Anti-Atlas margin, Morocco. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42: 2195–2216.
• Marek, L. 1963. New knowledge on the morphology of Hyolithes. Sborník geologickych ved, řada Paleontologie 1: 53–72.
• Marek, L. 1966. New hyolithid genera from the Ordovician of Bohemia. Časopis národního muzea 135: 89–92.
• Matthew, G.F. 1895. The Protolenus fauna. Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences 14: 101‒153.
• Matthews, S.C. and Missarzhevsky, V.V. 1975. Small shelly fossils of late Precambrian and early Cambrian age: a review of recent work. Journal of the Geological Society 131: 289–304.
• McIlroy, D. and Szaniawski, H. 2000. A lower Cambrian protoconodont apparatus from the Placentian of southeastern Newfoundland. Lethaia 33: 95–102.
• McIlroy, D., Green, O.R., and Brasier, M.D. 1994: The world’s oldest foraminiferans. Microscopy and Analysis 44: 13–15.
• McIlroy, D., Green, O.R., and Brasier, M.D. 2001. Palaeobiology and evolution of the earliest agglutinated Foraminifera: Platysolenites, Spirosolenites and related forms. Lethaia 34: 13–29.
• Mens, K. and Isakar, M. 1999. Facies distribution of early Cambrian molluscs in Estonia. Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology 48: 110–115.
• Meshkova, N.P. [Meškova, N.P.] 1969. On the paleontological characteristics of the Lower Cambrian deposits of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. In: I.T. Žuravleva (ed.), Biostratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ nižnego kembriâ Sibiri i Dal’nego Vostoka, 158–172. Nauka, Moskva.
• Meshkova, N.P. [Meškova, N.P.] 1974. Colloquia on hyoliths and remains of problematic animals from the Precambrian–Cambrian transitional deposits of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. Geologiâ i geofizika 2: 143–146.
• Meshkova, N.P. [Meškova, N.P.], Nikolaeva, I.V., Kulikov, Y.P. [Kulikov, Û.P.], Zhuravleva, I.T. [Žuravleva, I.T.], Luchinina, V.A. [Lučinina, V.A.], Musatov, D.I., and Sidoras, S.D. 1976. Stratigraphy of transitional Precambrian–Cambrian deposits of northern Anabar Uplift [in Russian]. In: I.T. Žuravleva (ed.), Stratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ nižnego i srednego kembriâ SSSR, 3–22. Novosibirsk, Nauka.
• Minaeva, M.A. 1985. Type section of the Kyndyn Group of the Cambrian on the flanks of the Anabar Uplift [in Russian]. Sovetskaâ geologiâ 1985 (1): 54‒64.
• Minaeva, M.A. 1991. Types of sections through the Cambrian on the flanks of the Anabar Uplift and sedimentation environments [in Russian]. Sovetskaâ geologiâ 1991 (4): 36‒45.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1967. Zonal’naâ stratigrafiâ drevnejših otloženij kembriâ Sibirskoj platformy. 23 pp. Unpublished Doktoral Candidate Thesis, Geological Institute AN SSSR, Moskva.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1973. Conodontomorph organisms from the Precambrian‒Cambrian boundary beds of the Siberian Platform and Kazakhstan [in Russian]. In: I.T. Žuravleva (ed.), Problemy paleontologii i biostratigrafii nižnego kembriâ Sibiri i Dal’nego Vostoka, 53–58. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1974. New data on the oldest fossils of the Early Cambrian of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. In: I.T. Žuravleva and A.Û. Rozanov (eds.), Biostratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ nižnego kembriâ Evropii i severnoi Azii, 179–189. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1977. Conodonts (?) and phosphatic problematica from the Cambrian of Mongolia and Siberia [in Russian]. In: L.P. Tatarinov (ed.), Bespozvonočnye paleozoâ Mongolii, 10–19. Nauka, Moskva.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1981. Early Cambrian hyoliths and gastropods from Mongolia [in Russian] Paleontologičeskij žurnal 1981 (1): 21–28.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1982. Subdivision and correlation of the Precambrian‒Cambrian boundary beds based on some ancient groups of skeletal organisms [in Russian]. Bûlleten’ Moskovskogo obŝestva ispytatelej prirody. Otdelenie geologii 57 (5): 52–67.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1989. Oldest skeletal fossils and stratigraphy of Precambrian and Cambrian boundary beds [in Russian]. Trudy Geologičeskogo Instituta, Akademiâ Nauk SSSR 443: 1–237.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1993. Precambrian–Cambrian boundary stratigraphy in the south-east of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. Bûlleten’ Moskovskogo obŝestva ispytatelej prirody. Otdelenie geologii 68 (5): 60–71.
• Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] and Mambetov, A.M. 1981. Stratigraphy and fauna of the Cambrian and Precambrian boundary beds of the Maly Karatau Range [in Russian]. Trudy Geologičeskogo Instituta AN SSSR 326: 1–92.
• Moczydłowska, M. 1991. Acritarch biostratigraphy of the Lower Cambrian and the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in southeastern Poland. Fossils and Strata 29: 1–127.
• Moore, J.L., Porter, S.M., Steiner, M., and Li, G. 2010. Cambrothyra ampulliformis, an unusual coeloscleritophoran from the Lower Cambrian of Shaanxi Province, China. Journal of Paleontology 84: 1040–1060.
• Moore, J.L., Li, G., and Porter, S.M. 2014. Chancelloriid sclerites from the Lower Cambrian (Meishucunian) of eastern Yunnan, China, and the early history of the group. Palaeontology 57: 833–878.
• Müller, K.J. 1959. Kambrische Conodonten. Deutsche Geologischce Gesellschaftung Zeitschrift 111: 434‒485.
• Müller, K.J. 1962. Supplement to systematics of conodonts. In: R.C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part W, Miscellanea, W246‒W249. Geological Society of America, Boulder and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence.
• Murphy, M.A. and Salvador, A. (eds.) 1999. International stratigraphic guide—an abridged edition. Episodes 22: 255–271.
• Nagovitsin, K.E., Rogov, V.I., Marusin, V.V.,Karlova, G.A., Kolesnikov, A.V., Bykova, N.V., and Grazhdankin, D.V. 2015. Revised Neoproterozoic and Terreneuvian stratigraphy of the Lena-Anabar Basin and north-western slope of the Olenek Uplift, Siberian Platform. Precambrian Research 270: 226–245.
• Novák, O. 1886. Zur Kenntniss der Fauna der Etage F-fl in der palaeozischen Schichtengruppe Böhmens. 27 pp. Aus den Sitzungsberichten der königlichen böhmens Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, Böhmen.
• Novák, O. 1891. Revision der palaeozoischen Hyolithiden Böhmens. Abhandlungen der mathematisch-naturwisschenschaftlichen Classe der böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, series 7 4: 1–48.
• Nowlan, G.S., Narbonne, G.M., and Fritz, W.H. 1985. Small shelly fossils and trace fossils near the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Lethaia 18: 233–256.
• Öpik, A. 1926. Über den estländischen blauen Ton. Publications of the Geological Institution of the University of Tartu 6: 39–46.
• Panasenko, E.S. 1998. Novye neobyčnye mikrofossilii iz pelagičeskih kremnistyh otloženij kembriâ. Dal’nevostočnyj geologičeskij institut, Rossijskaâ Akademiâ Hauk, Vladivostok. http://www.fegi.ru/primorye/geology/panas.htm
• Pander, C.H. 1851. Sur une découverte de fossiles faite dans la partie inférieure du terrain silurien de Russie. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 8: 251–259.
• Park, T., Woo, J., Lee, D.-J., Lee, D.-C., Lee, S., Han, Z., Chough, S.K., and Choi, D.K. 2011. A stem-group cnidarian described from the mid-Cambrian of China and its significance for cnidarian evolution. Nature Communications 2: 1–6.
• Parkhaev, P.Y. 1998. Siphonoconcha—a new class of early Cambrian bivalved organisms. Paleontological Journal 32 (1): 1–15.
• Parkhaev, P.Y. 2002. Muscle scars of Cambrian univalved mollusks and their systematic importance. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 5: 15–19.
• Parkhaev, P.Y. 2006. New data on the morphology of the earliest gastropod mollusks of the genus Aldanella Vostokova, 1962 (Archaeobranchia, Pelagielliformes). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 15–21.
• Parkhaev, P.Y. 2007a. The Cambrian “basement” of gastropod evolution. Geological Society of London, Special Publications 286: 415–421.
• Parkhaev, P.Y. 2007b. Shell chirality in Cambrian gastropods and sinistral members of the genus Aldanella Vostokova, 1962. Paleontological Journal 41: 233–240.
• Parkhaev, P.Y. 2008. The Early Cambrian radiation of Mollusca. In: W.F. Ponder and D.R. Lindberg (eds.), Phylogeny and Evolution of the Mollusca, 33–69.University California Press, Berkeley.
• Parkhaev, P.Y. and Demidenko, Y.E. 2010. Zooproblematica and Mollusca from the Lower Cambrian Meishucun section (Yunnan, China) and taxonomy and systematics of the Cambrian small shelly fossils of China. Paleontological Journal 44: 883–1161.
• Parkhaev, P.Y. and Karlova, G.A. 2011. Taxonomic revision and evolution of Cambrian mollusks of the genus Aldanella Vostokova, 1962 (Gastropoda: Archaeobranchia). Paleontological Journal 45: 1145–1205.
• Parkhaev, P.Y., Karlova, G.A., and Rozanov, A.Y. 2011. Taxonomy, stratigraphy and biogeography of Aldanella attleborensis—a possible candidate for defining the base of Cambrian Stage 2. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 67: 298–300.
• Pelechaty, S.M., Grotzinger, J. P., Kashirtsev, V. A., and Zhernovsky, V. P. 1996a. Chemostratigraphic and sequence stratigraphic constraints on Vendian–Cambrian basin dynamics, northeast Siberian Craton. Journal of Geology 104: 543–564.
• Pelechaty, S.M., Kaufman, A.J., and Grotzinger, J.P. 1996b. Evaluation of δ¹³C chemostratigraphy for intrabasinal correlation: Vendian strata of northeast Siberia. GSA Bulletin 108: 992–1003.
• Pel’man, Y.L. [Pel’man, Û.L.] 1977. Early and Middle Cambrian inarticulate brachiopods of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki AN SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelnie 316: 1–168.
• Pel’man Y.L. [Pel’man, Û.L.] 1983. Phylum Brachiopoda [in Russian.]. In: B.S. Sokolov and I.T. Žuravleva (eds.), Ârusnoe rasčlenenie nižnego kembriâ. Atlas okamenelostej. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki AN SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelenie 558: 147–153.
• Pel’man, Y.L. [Pel’man, Û.L.], Ermak, V.V., Fedorov, A.B., Luchinina, V.A. [Lučinina, V.A.], Zhuravleva, I.T. [Žuravleva, I.T.], Repina, L.N., Bondarev, V.I., and Borodaevskaya, Z.V. [Borodaevskaâ, Z.V.] 1990. New data on stratigraphy and palaeontology of the upper Precambrian and lower Cambrian of the Dzhanda River (right tributary of the Aldan River) [in Russian.]. In: L.N. Repina (ed.), Biostratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ kembriâ Severnoj Azii, 3–32. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
• Pel’man, Y.L. [Pel’man, Û.L.], Aksarina, N.A., Koneva, S.P. Popov, L.E., Sobolev, L.P., and Ushatinskaya, G. T. [Ušatinskaâ, G. T.]. 1992. Drevnejšie brahiopody territorii severnoj Evrazii. 145 pp. OIGGiM RAN, Novosibirsk.
• Peng, S.C. and Babcock, L.E. 2011. Continuing progress on chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Cambrian System. Czech Bulletin of Geosciences 86: 391–396.
• Pickett, J. and Jell, P.A. 1983. Middle Cambrian Sphinctozoa (Porifera) from New South Wales. Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists 1: 85–92.
• Pojeta, J., Jr., and Runnegar, B. 1976. The paleontology of rostroconch molluscs and the early history of the phylum Mollusca. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 968: 1–88.
• Ponder, W.F., Parkhaev, P.Y., and Beechey, D.L. 2007. A remarkable similarity in scaly shell structure in early Cambrian univalved limpets (Monoplacophora; Maikhanellidae) and a recent fissurellid limpet (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda) with a review of Maikhanellidae. Molluscan Research 27: 153–163.
• Poulsen, C. 1967. Fossils from the Lower Cambrian of Bornholm. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Matematisk-Fysiske Meddelelser 36 (2): 1–46.
• Pyle, L.J., Narbonne, G.M., Nowlan, G.S., Xiao, S., and James, N.P. 2006. Early Cambrian metazoan eggs, embryos, and phosphatic microfossils from northwestern Canada. Journal of Paleontology 80: 811–825.
• Qian, Y. 1977. Hyolitha and some problematica from the Lower Cambrian Meichucun Stage in central and SW China. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 16: 255–278.
• Qian, Y. 1978. The Early Cambrian hyolithids in central and southwest China and their stratigraphical significance. Memoirs of Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology. Academia Sinica 11: 1–50.
• Qian, Y. and Bengtson, S. 1989. Palaeontology and biostratigraphy of the Early Cambrian Meishucunian Stage in Yunnan Province, south China. Fossils and Strata 24: 1–156.
• Qian, Y. and Yin, G. 1984. Small shelly fossils from the lowest Cambrian in Guizhou. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 13: 91–124.
• Qian, Y. and Zhang, S.-B. 1983. Small shelly fossils from the Xihaoping Member of the Tongying Formation in Fangxian County of Hubei Province and their stratigraphical significance [in Chinese]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22: 82–94.
• Qian, Y., Chen, M., and Chen, Y. 1979. Hyolithids and other small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian Huangshandong Formation in the eastern part of the Yangtze Gorge [in Chinese]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 18: 207–232.
• Qian, Y., Li, G., and Zhu, M. 2001. The Meishucunian Stage and its small shelly fossils sequence in China. Acta Paleontologica Sinica 40 (Supplement): 54–62.
• Repina, L.N., Borodaevskaya, Z.V. [Borodaevskaâ, Z.V.], and Ermak, V.V. 1988. Reference section of the Selinde river (southeastern margin of the Aldan shield) [in Russian]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki AN SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelnie 720: 3–31.
• Ripperdan, R. 1994. Global variations in carbon isotope composition during the latest Neoproterozoic and earliest Cambrian. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22: 385–417.
• Rogov, V.I., Karlova, G.A., Marusin, V.V., Kochnev, B.B., Nagovitsin, K.E., and Grazhdankin, D.V. 2015. Duration of the first biozone in the Siberian hypostratotype of the Vendian. Russian Geology and Geophysics 56: 501–511.
• Rogov, V., Marusin, V., Bykova, N., Goy, Yu., Nagovitsin, K., Kochnev, B., Karlova, G., and Grazhdankin, D. 2012. The oldest evidence of bioturbation on Earth. Geology 40: 395–398.
• Rowland, S.M., Luchinina, V.A., Korrovnikov, I.V., Sipin, D.P., Tarletskov, A., and Fedoseev, A.V. 1998. Biostratigraphy of the Vendian–Cambrian Sukharikha River section, northwestern Siberian Platform. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35: 339–352.
• Rozanov, A.Y. [Rozanov, A.Û.] and Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1966. Biostratigraphy and fauna of the lower strata of the Cambrian [in Russian]. Trudy Geologičeskogo Instituta AN SSSR 148: 1–126.
• Rozanov, A.Y. [Rozanov, A.Û.] and Sokolov, B.S. (eds.) 1984. Ârusnoe rasčlenenie nižnego kembriâ. Stratigrafiâ. 184 pp. Nauka, Moskva.
• Rozanov, A.Y. and Zhuravlev, A.Y. 1992. The Lower Cambrian fossil record of the Soviet Union. In: J.H. Lipps and P.W. Signor (eds.), Origin and Early Evolution of the Metazoa, 205–82. Plenum, New York.
• Rozanov, A.Y., Khomentovsky, V.V., Shabanov, Y.Y., Karlova, G.A., Varlamov, A.I., Luchinina, V.A., Pegel’, T.V., Demidenko, Y.E., Parkhaev, P.Y., Korovnikov, I.V., and Skorlotova, N.A. 2008. To the problem of stage subdivision of the Lower Cambrian. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 16: 1–19.
• Rozanov, A.Y. [Rozanov, A.Û.], Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.], Volkova, N.A., Voronova, L.G., Krylov, I.N., Keller, B.M., Korolyuk, I.K. [Korolûk, I.K.], Lendzion, K., Michniak, R., Pyhova, N.G., and Sidorov, A.D. 1969. The Tommotian Stage and the Cambrian lower Boundary problem [in Russian]. Trudy Geologičeskogo Instituta, Akademiâ Nauk SSSR 206: 1–380.
• Rozanov, A.Y. [Rozanov, A.Û.], Parkhaev, P.Y. [Parhaev, P.Y.], Demidenko, Y.E. [Demidenko, Û.E.], Karlova, G.A., Korovnikov, I.V., Shabanov, Y.Y. [Šabanov, Û.Û.], Ivantsov, A.Y. [Ivancov, A.Û.], Luchinina, V.A. [Lučinina, V.A.], Malakhovskaya, Y.E. [Malahovskaâ, Û.E.], Mel’nikova, L.M., Naimark, E.B., Ponomarenko, A.G., Skorlotova, N.A., Sundukov, V.M., Tokarev, D.A., Ushatinskaya, G.T. [Ušatinskaâ, G.T.], and Kipriyanova, L.D. [Kipriânova, L.D.] 2010. Iskopaemye stratotipov ârusov nižnego kembriâ. 228 pp. PIN RAN, Moskva.
• Rozanov, A.Y., Parkhaev, P.Y, Demidenko, Y.E., and Skorlotova, N.A. 2011. Mobergella radiolata—a possible candidate for defining the base of Cambrian Series 2 and Stage 3. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 67: 304–306.
• Rozanov, A.Y. [Rozanov, A.Û.], Repina, L.N., Apollonov, M.K., Shabanov, Y.Y. [Šabanov, Û.Â], Zhuravlev, A.Y. [Žuravlev, A. Û.], Pegel’, T.V., Fedorov, A.B., Astashkin, V.A. [Astaškin, V.A.], Zhuravleva, I.T. [Žuravleva, I.T.], Egorova, L.I., Chugaeva, M.N. [Čugaeva, M.N.], Dubinina, S.V., Ermak, V.V., Esakova, N.V., Sundukov, V.V., Sukhov, S.S. [Suhov, S.S.], and Zhemchuzhnikov, V.G. [Žemchuzhnikov, V.G.] 1992. Kembrij Sibiri. 135 pp. Nauka, Novosibirsk.
• Runnegar, B. 1981. Muscle scars, shell form and torsion in Cambrian and Ordovician molluscs. Lethaia 14: 311–322.
• Runnegar, B. and Jell, P.A. 1980. Australian Middle Cambrian molluscs: corrections and additions. Alcheringa 4: 111–113.
• Sarmiento, G.N., Fernández-Remolar, D., and Göncüoglu, M.C. 2001. Cambrian small shelly fossils from the Çal Tepe Formation, Taurus Mountains, Turkey. Coloquios de Paleontología 52: 117–134.
• Savitsky, V.E. [Savickij, V.E.] 1962. New data on stratigraphy of the Aldanian Stage of the Anabar anticlyse and its boundary with the Precambrian [in Russian]. Informacionnyj sbornik Instituta Geologii Arktiki 27: 14–21.
• Savitsky, V.E. [Savickij, V.E.], Shabanov, Y.Y. [Šabanov, Û.Â.], Evtushenko, V.M. [Evtušenko, V.M.], and Shishkin, B.B. [Šiškin, B.B.] 1972. Key section of the Cambrian of the Khorbosuonka facial region (northeast of the Siberian Platform). Material to the stratigraphy and palaeontology of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. Trudy SNIIGiMS 32: 53–60.
• Salvador, A. (ed.). 1994. International Stratigraphic Guide. A Guide to Stratigraphic Classification, Terminology, and Procedure. Second Edition. 214 pp. International Union of Geologists and the Geological, Society of America, Boulder, Colorado.
• Schmitz, M.D. 2012, Radiometric ages used in GTS 2012. In: F.M. Gradstein, J.G. Ogg, M.D. Schmitz, and G.M. Ogg (eds.), The Geologic Time Scale. Volume 2, 1045–1082. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
• Semikhatov, M.A. [Semihatov, M.A.] and Serebryakov, S.N. [Serebrâkov, S.N.] 1983. The Siberian hypostratotype of the Riphean [in Russian]. Trudy Geologisčeskogo Instituta AN SSSR 210: 1–207.
• Shaler, N.S. and Foerste, A.F. 1888. Preliminary description of North Attleborough fossils. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 16: 27–41.
• Shishkin, B.B. [Šiškin, B.B.] 1974. Shelly fauna in the Nemakit-Daldyn Formation (northwestern Anabar Uplift) [in Russian]. Geologiâ i geofizika 4: 111–114.
• Shishkin, B.B. [Šiškin, B.B.] 1981. New data on stratigraphy of the early Cambrian deposits of the northeastern flank of the Anabar Uplift (Bol’shaya Kuonamka River) [in Russian]. In: N.P. Meškova and I.V. Nikolaeva (eds.), Pograničnye otloženiâ dokembriâ i kembriâ Sibirskoj platformy (biostratigrafiâ, paleontologiâ, usloviâ obrazovaniâ). Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki AN SSSR, Sibirskoe Otdelnie 475: 20–27.
• Siegmund, H. 1997. The Ocruranus‒Eohalobia group of small shelly fossils from the Lower Cambrian of Yunnan. Lethaia 30: 285–291.
• Singh, P. and Shukla, S.D. 1981. Fossils from the Lower Tal: their age and bearing on the stratigraphy of Lesser Himalaya. Geoscience Journal 2: 157–176.
• Sipin, D.P. 2001. Hiolity, problematičnye organizmy i stratigrafiâ nižnego kembriâ severo-zapada Sibirskoj platformy. 201 pp. Unpublished Doktoral Candidate Thesis, Institut Geologii Nefti i Gaza SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Skovsted, C.B. 2003. Mobergellans (Problematica) from the Cambrian of Greenland, Siberia and Kazakhstan. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 77: 429–443.
• Skovsted, C.B. 2006. Small Shelly fauna from the upper Lower Cambrian Bastion and Ella Island formations, north-east Greenland. Journal of Paleontology 80: 1087–1112.
• Skovsted, C.B. and Peel, J.S. 2011. Hyolithellus in life position from the lower Cambrian of North Greenland. Journal of Paleontology 85: 37–47.
• Skovsted, C.B., Balthasar, U., Brock, G.A., and Paterson, J.R. 2009. The tommotiid Camenella reticulosa from the early Cambrian of South Australia: Morphology, scleritome reconstruction, and phylogeny. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54: 525–540.
• Skovsted, C.B., Holmer, L.E., Topper, T.P., and Brock, G.A. 2010. Brachiopod affinity of the Lower Cambrian problematic bivalve Apistoconcha. In: International Palaeontological Congress, London, June, 28–July, 3, Abstracts with Programme, 356.
• Skovsted, C.B., Ushatinskaya, G., Holmer, L.E., Popov, L.E., and Kouchinsky, A. 2015. Taxonomy, morphology, shell structure and early ontogeny of Pelmanotreta nom. nov. from the lower Cambrian of Siberia. GFF 137: 1–8.
• Smith, E.F., Macdonald, F.A., Petach, T.N., Bold, U., and Schrag, D.P. 2015. Integrated stratigraphic, geochemical, and paleontological late Ediacaran to early Cambrian records from southwestern Mongolia. Geological Society of America Bulletin 128: 442–468.
• Sokolov, B.S. and Zhuravleva, I.T. [Žuravleva, I.T.] (eds.) 1983. Stage subdivision of the Lower Cambrian of Siberia. Atlas of fossils [in Russian]. Trudy Instituta Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR 558: 1–216.
• Steiner, M., Li, G., Qian, Y., and Zhu, M. 2004a. Lower Cambrian small shelly fossils of northern Sichuan and southern Shaanxi (China), and their biostratigraphic importance. Geobios 37: 259–275.
• Steiner, M., Li, G., Qian, Y., Zhu, M., and Erdtmann, B.D. 2003. Lower Cambrian small shelly faunas from Zhejiang (China) and their biostratigraphical implications. Progress in Natural Science 13: 852–860.
• Steiner, M., Li, G., Qian, Y., Zhu, M., and Erdtmann, B.D. 2007. Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian small shelly fossil assemblages and a revised biostratigraphic correlation of the Yangtze Platform (China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 254: 67–99.
• Steiner, M., Qian, Y., Li, G., Hagadorn, J.W., and Zhu, M. 2014. The developmental cycles of early Cambrian Olivooidae fam. nov. (?Cycloneuralia) from the Yangtze Platform (China). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 398: 97–124.
• Steiner, M., Zhu, M., Li, G., Qian, Y., and Erdtmann, B.D. 2004b. New Early Cambrian bilaterian embryos and larvae from China. Geology 32: 833–836.
• Streng, M. and Skovsted, C.B. 2006. A new mobergellan (small shelly fossils) from the early Middle Cambrian of Morocco and its significance. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 80: 209–220.
• Streng, M., Babcock, L.E., and Hollingsworth, J.S. 2005. Agglutinated protists from the Lower Cambrian of Nevada. Journal of Paleontology 79: 1214–1218.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1958. Superorder Hyolithoidea [in Russian]. In: Û.A. Orlov, N.P. Luppov, and V.V. Druŝic (eds.), Osnovy paleontologii. Mollûskigolovonogie P. Ammonoidei (ceratity i ammonity), Vnutrirakovinnye. Priloženie: Konikonhii, 184–190. Gosgeoltehizdat, Moskva.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1959a. Hyoliths of the genera Circotheca and Orthotheca from the Lower Cambrian of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. Paleontologičeskij žurnal 1959 (1): 68–75.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1959b. Hyoliths of the genus Circotheca from the Lower Cambrian of the Tajmyr National District [in Russian]. Paleonto logičeskij žurnal 1959 (1): 84–94.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1960a. Classification of the family Hyolithidae [in Russian]. Âkutskij Filial Naučnyj soobŝinâ, SO AN SSSR 4: 43–53.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1960b. On the find of lower Cambrian hyolith Ceratotheca [in Russian]. Âkutskij Filial Naučnyj soobŝinâ, SO AN SSSR 4: 124–125.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1962. Hiolity kembriâ severnogo sklona Aldanskogo ŝita. 66 pp. Âkutskij Filial SO AN SSSR, Âkutsk.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1963. Hyoliths of the genus Torellella from the Lower Cambrian of the Anabar anticline [in Russian]. Paleontologičeskij žurnal 1963 (1): 49–55.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1965. Main features of evolution of hyoliths [in Russian]. In: V.F. Vozin (ed.), Paleontologiâ i biostratigrafiâ paleozojskih i triasovyh otloženij Âkutii, 5–20. Nauka, Moskva.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1968. Stratigrafiâ i hiolity drevnejših sloev nižnego kembriâ Sibirskoj platformy. 67 pp. Âkutskij Filial SO AN SSSR, Âkutsk.
• Sysoev, V.A. 1972. Biostratigrafiâ i ortotecimorfnye hiolity nižnego kembriâ Sibiri.152 pp. Âkutskij Filial SO AN SSSR, Âkutsk.
• Szaniawski, H. 1982. Chaetognath grasping spines recognized among Cambrian protoconodonts. Journal of Paleontology 56: 806–810.
• Szaniawski, H. 2002. New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 47: 405–19.
• Szaniawski, H. and Bengtson, S. 1993. Origin of euconodont elements. Journal of Paleontology 67: 640‒654.
• Thomas, R.D.K. and Vinther, J. 2012. Implications of the occurrence of paired anterior chaetae in the late Early Cambrian mollusc Pelagiella from the Kinzers Formation of Pennsylvania for relationships among taxa and early evolution of the Mollusca. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 44 (7): 326. https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012AM/webprogram/Paper212374.html.
• Thomas, R.D.K., Vinther, J., and Matt, K. 2010. Paired chaetae associated with spiral shells of the late Early Cambrian mollusc Pelagiella from the Kinzers Formation: taphonomy, functional morphology, and potential evolutionary relationships. Geological Society of America Abstracts and Program 42 (5): 633.
• Urbanek, A. and Rozanov, A.Y. 1983. Upper Precambrian and Cambrian Palaeontology of the East-European Platform. 158 pp. Wydawnictwa Geologiczne, Warszawa
• Ushatinskaya, G.T. and Malakhovskaya, Y.E. 2001. Origin and development of the Cambrian brachiopod biochores. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation 9: 540–556.
• Ushatinskaya, G.T. and Parkhaev, P.Y. 2005. Preservation of imprints and casts of cells of the outer mantle epithelium in the shells of Cambrian brachiopods, mollusks, and problematics. Paleontological Journal 39: 251–263.
• Val’kov, A.K. 1968. To the fauna of the Kessyuse Formation of the Lower Cambrian of the Olenyok Uplift [in Russian]. In: K.B. Mokšancev, V.A. Sysoev, I.I. Tučkov, G.S. Fradkin, and G.I. Šteh (eds.), Tektonika, stratigrafiâ i litologiâ osadočnyh formacij Âkutii, 115–119. Âkutsk Publishing House, Âkutsk.
• Val’kov, A.K. 1970. On the oldest beds of the Lower Cambrian of northeastern Siberian Platform [in Russian]. In: A.K. Bobrov (ed.), Stratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ proterozoâ i kembriâ vostoka Sibirskoj Platformy, 91–93. Knižnoe izdatel’stvo, Âkutsk.
• Val’kov, A.K. 1975. Biostratigrafiâ i hiolity kembriâ severo-vostoka Sibirskoj platformy. 140 pp. Nauka, Moskva.
• Val’kov, A.K. 1982. Biostratigrafiâ nižnego kembriâ vostoka Sibirskoj platformy (Učuro-Majskij rajon. 91 pp. Nauka, Moskva.
• Val’kov, A.K. 1983. Distribution of the oldest skeletal fossils and correlation of the Cambrian lower boundary in south-eastern part of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. In: V.V. Homentovskij, M.S. Âkšin, and G.A. Karlova (eds.), Pozdnij dokembrij i rannij paleozoj Sibiri. Vendskie otloženiâ, 37–48. Institut Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Val’kov, A.K. 1987. Biostratigrafiâ nižnego kembriâ vostoka Sibirskoj platformy (Ûdoma-Oleniokskij region). 136 pp. Nauka, Moskva.
• Val’kov, A.K. and Karlova, G.A. 1984. Fauna from the Vendian–Cambrian transition beds in the lower reaches of the Gonam River [in Russian]. In: V.V. Homentovskij, V.Y. Šenfil’, and M.S. Âkšin (eds.), Stratigrafiâ pozdnego dokembriâ i rannego paleozoâ. Srednââ Sibir’, 12–41. Institut Geologii i Geofiziki SO AN SSSR, Novosibirsk.
• Val’kov, A.K. and Sysoev, V.A. 1970. Cambrian angustiochreids of Siberia [in Russian]. In: A.K. Bobrov (ed.), Stratigrafiâ i paleontologiâ proterozoâ i kembriâ vostoka Sibirskoj platformy, 94–100. Knižnoe izdatel’stvo, Âkutsk.
• Vannier, J., Steiner, M., Renvoise, E., Hu, S.-X., and Casanova, J.-P. 2007. Early Cambrian origin ofmodern food webs: evidence from predator arrow worms. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274: 627–633.
• Varlamov, A.I., Rozanov, A.Y., Khomentovsky, V.V., Shabanov, Y.Y., Abaimova, G.P., Demidenko, Y.E., Karlova, G.A., Korovnikov, I.V., Luchinina, V.A., Malakhovskaya, Y.E., Parkhaev, P.Y., Pegel, T.V., Skorlotova, N.A., Sundukov, V.M., Sukhov, S.S., Fedorov, A.B., and Kipriyanova, L.D. 2008. The Cambrian System of the Siberian Platform. Part 1: The Aldan-Lena region. 300 pp. PIN RAN, Moscow.
• Vasil’eva, N.I. 1985. A contribution to the systematics of the order Chancelloriida Walcott, 1920 (incertae sedis) from Lower Cambrian deposits of the East Siberian Platform [in Russian]. In: B.S. Sokolov and I.T. Žuravleva (eds.), Problematiki pozdnego dokembriâ i paleozoâ. Trudy IGiG AN SSSR 632: 115–126.
• Vasil’eva, N.I. 1986. A new genus of anabaritids from the Lower Cambrian of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. Paleontologičeskij žurnal 1986 (2): 103–104.
• Vasil’eva, N.I. 1990. New Early Cambrian gastropod mollusks from the Siberian Platform and some questions of their systematic [in Russian]. In: A.I. Nikolaev (ed.), Mikrofauna SSSR: sistematika i voprosy biostratigrafii, 4–21. VNIGRI, Leningrad.
• Vasil’eva, N.I. 1998. Melkaâ rakovinnaâ fauna i biostratigrafiâ nižnego kembriâ Sibirskoj platformy. 139 pp. VNIGRI, St. Petersburg.
• Vendrasco, M.J., Checa, A.G., and Kouchinsky, A.V. 2011a. Shell microstructure of the early bivalve Pojetaia and the independent origin of nacre within the Mollusca. Palaeontology 54: 825–850.
• Vendrasco, M.J., Kouchinsky, A., Porter, S.M., and Fernandez, C.Z. 2011b. Phylogeny and escalation in Mellopegma and other Cambrian molluscs. Palaeontologia Electronica 14 (2): 1–44.
• Vendrasco, M.J., Li, G., Porter, S.M., and Fernandez, C.Z. 2009. New data on the enigmatic Ocruranus‒Eohalobia group of early Cambrian small skeletal fossils. Palaeontology 52: 1373–1396.
• Vendrasco, M.J., Porter, S.M., Kouchinsky, A., Li, G., and Fernandez, C.Z. 2010. New data on molluscs and their shell microstructures from the Middle Cambrian Gowers Formation, Australia. Palaeontology 53: 97–135.
• Vidal, G., Palacios, T., Gámez-Vintaned, J.A., Díez Balda, M.A., and Grant, S.W.F. 1994. Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian geology and palaeontology of Iberia. Geological Magazine 131: 729–765.
• Vidal, G., Palacios, T., Moczydłowska, M., and Gubanov, A.P. 1999. Age constraints from small shelly fossils on the early Cambrian terminal Cadomian Phase in Iberia. GFF 121: 137–143.
• Vinn, O. and Kirsimäe, K. 2015. Alleged cnidarian Sphenothallus in the Late Ordovician of Baltica, its mineral composition and microstructure. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60: 1001–1008.
• Vinther, J. and Nielsen, C. 2005. The Early Cambrian Halkieria is a mollusk. Zoologica Scripta 34: 81–89.
• Voronin, Y.I. [Voronin, Û.I.], Voronova, L.G., Grigorieva, N.V., Drozdova, N.A., Zhegallo, E.A. [Žegallo, E.A.], Zhuravlev, A.Y. [Žuravlev, A.Û.], Ragozina, A.L., Rozanov, A.Y. [Rozanov, A.Û.], Sayutina, T.A. [Saûtina, T.A.], Sysoev, V.A., and Fonin, V.D. 1982. The Precambrian–Cambrian boundary in the geosynclinal regions (reference section Salany-Gol, MNR) [in Russian]. Trudy Sovmestnoj sovetsko-mongol’skoj paleontologičeskoj èkspedicii 18: 1–150.
• Voronova, L.G. and Missarzhevsky, V.V. [Missarževskij, V.V.] 1969. Finds of algae and worm tubes in the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary beds of the northern part of the Siberian Platform [in Russian]. Doklady AN SSSR 184: 207–210.
• Voronova, L.G. and Rozanov, A.Y. [Rozanov, A.Û.] 1973. On relationship of litho- and biostratigraphic boundaries at the example of the Cambrian of the Igarka region. Problems of the palaeontology and stratigraphy of Siberia and Far East [in Russian]. Trudy IGiG SO AN SSSR 49: 220–224.
• Vostokova, V.A. 1962. The Cambrian gastropods from Siberia and Tajmyr [in Russian]. Trudy Naučno-Issledovatel’skogo Instituta Geologii Arktiki 28: 51–74.
• Walcott, C.D. 1886. Second contribution to the studies on the Cambrian faunas of North America. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 30: 1–369.
• Walcott, C.D. 1920. Middle Cambrian Spongiae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 67: 261–364.
• Walliser, O.H. 1958. Rhombocorniculum comleyense n. gen. n. sp. (Incertae sedis, Unterkambrium, Shropshire). Paläontologisches Zeitschrift 32: 176–180.
• Webby, B.D. 1970. Late Precambrian trace fossils from New South Wales. Lethaia 3: 79–109.
• Wenz, W. 1938. Gastropoda. Allgemeiner Teil und Prosobranchia. In: O.H. Schindewolf (ed.), Handbuch der Paläozoologie. Band 6, 1–720. Bornträger, Berlin.
• White, R.D. 1986. Cambrian Radiolaria from Utah. Journal of Paleontology 60: 778–780.
• Wood, R.A., Zhuravlev, A.Y., Sukhov, S.S., Zhu, M., and Zhao, F. 2017. Demise of Ediacaran dolomitic seas marks widespread biomineralization on the Siberian Platform. Geology 45 (1): 27–30..
• Xing, Y., Ding, Q., Luo, H., He, T., Wang, Y., Jiang, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Liu, G., Xiong, X., Chen, P., Wang, Y., Yin, G., Zheng, S., Qian, Y., Yue, Z., Wu, X., Song, X., Ouyang, L., and Ding, L. 1984. The Sinian‒Cambrian boundary of China [in Chinese, with an English summary]. Bulletin of the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences 10: 1–262
• Yang, B., Steiner, M., Li, G., and Keupp, H. 2014. Terreneuvian small shelly faunas of east Yunnan (South China) and their biostratigraphic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 398: 28–58.
• Yang, B., Steiner, M., Zhu, M., Li, G., Liu, J., and Liu, P. 2016. Transitional Ediacaran‒Cambrian small skeletal fossil assemblages from South China and Kazakhstan: Implications for chronostratigraphy and metazoan evolution. Precambrian Research 285: 202–215.
• Yang, X. and He, T. 1984. New small shelly fossils from Lower Cambrian Meishucun stage of Nanjiang area, northern Sichuan. Professional Papers of Stratigraphy and Palaeontology 13: 35–48.
• Yao, J., Xiao, S., Yin, L., Li, G., and Yuan, X. 2005. Basal Cambrian microfossils from the Yurtus and Xishanblaq formations (Tarim, north-west China): systematic revision and biostratigraphic correlation of Micrhystridium-like acritarchs. Palaeontology 48: 687–708.
• Yin, J., Ding, L., He, T., Li, S., and Shen, L. 1980. The Palaeontology and Sedimentary Environment of the Sinian System in Emei-Ganluo Area, Sichuan [in Chinese, with English abstract]. 231 pp. Sichuan People’s Publishing House, Chengdu.
• Yu, W. 1974. Cambrian hyolithids [in Chinese]. In: Handbook of the Stratigraphy and Paleontology of Southwest China, 111–113. Science Press, Beijing.
• Yu, W. 1979. Earliest Cambrian monoplacophorans and gastropods from western Hubei with their biostratigraphical significance [in Chinese, with English abstract]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 18: 233–270.
• Yu, W. 1987. Yangtze micromolluscan fauna in Yangtze region of China with notes on the Precambrian–Cambrian boundary [in Chinese, with English abstract]. In: Stratigraphy and Palaeontology of Systemic Boundaries in China: Precambrian–Cambrian Boundary, 19–344. Nanjing University Publishing House, Nanjing.
• Yu, W. 2014. On the Yangtzeconus priscus‒Archaeospira ornata Assemblage (Mollusca) of the earliest Cambrian of China. Acta Geologica Sinica 88: 1262–1287.
• Yuan, K. and Zhang, S. 1983. Discovery of the Tommotian fauna in SW China [in Chinese]. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22: 31–41.
• Yue, Z. and Bengtson, S. 1999. Embryonic and post-embryonic development of the Early Cambrian cnidarian Olivooides. Lethaia 32: 181–195.
• Zhamoida, A.I. [Žamojda, A.I.] and Petrov, O.V. (eds.) 2008. Status of knowledge of the Precambrian and Phanerozoic stratigraphy in Russia. Goals of further studies [in Russian.]. Postanovleniâ mežvedomstvennogo stratigrafičeskogo komiteta i ego postojannyh komissij 38: 1–131.
• Zhang, H. and Dong, X. 2015. The oldest known larva and its implications for the plesiomorphy of metazoan development. Chinese Science Bulletin 60: 1947–1953.
• Zhang, Z., Smith, M.R., and Shu, D. 2015. New reconstruction of the Wiwaxia scleritome, with data from Chengjiang juveniles. Scientific Reports 5: 14810.
• Zhong, H. 1977. Preliminary study on the ancient fauna of South China and its stratigraphic significance [in Chinese]. Scientia Geologica Sinica 2: 118–128.
• Zhu, M., Babcock, L.E., and Peng, S.C. 2006. Advances in Cambrian stratigraphy and paleontology: Integrating correlation techniques, palaeobiology, taphonomy and paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Palaeoworld 15: 217–222.
• Zhu,M., Zhuravlev, A.Y., Wood, R.A., Zhao, F., and Sukhov, S.S. 2017. A deep root for the Cambrian explosion: Implications of new bio- and chemostratigraphy from the Siberian Platform. Geology 45: 455–458.
• Zhu, R.-X., Li, X.-H., Hou, X., Pan, Y.-X., Wang, F., Deng, C.-L., and He, H.-Y. 2009. SIMS U-Pb zircon age of a tuff layer in the Meishucun section, Yunnan, southwest China: constraint on the age of the Precambrian‒Cambrian boundary. Science in China, Series D-Earth Sciences 52: 1385–1392.
• Zhuravlev, A.Y., Liñán, E., Gámez Vintaned, J.A., Debrenne, F., and Fedorov, A.B. 2012. New finds of skeletal fossils in the terminal Neoproterozoic of the Siberian Platform and Spain. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 57 (1): 205–224.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.4202/app.00289.2016