Faecal Escherichia coli and Chlamydophila psittaci in the Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae: host sex and age effects

• Autorzy: Milne R. J. , Poiani A. , Coulson G. , Auld R.

Warianty tytułu

PL

Wpływ wieku i płci na zarażenie bakteriami Escherichia coli i Chlamydophila psittaci u lirogona wspaniałego

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The Superb Lyrebird is a sexually dimorphic passerine that although is not considered endangered, it has been declining in population size since the 1940s due primarily to urban development. Recent reports suggest that lyrebirds may be threatened by chlamydial infection. We studied levels of faecal infection by two microparasites in lyrebirds: Chlamydophila psittaci and Escherichia coli in the Sherbrooke Forest, south-eastern Australia. Fresh faecal samples were obtained from 33 lyrebirds (15 adult females, 13 adult males and 5 juveniles) — estimated of 27.5% of the population, all of them tested negative to Ch. psittaci. E. coli prevalence was compared between adult males and females and no difference was found. This result is expected, for instance, if E. coli is sexually transmitted and lyrebirds are promiscuous. Trends for juveniles to be more parasitized than adults were detected, but they were statistically not significant. Behavioural analyses of video footage indicate that E. coli infected birds did not allocate more or less time to any of the activities considered than did non infected birds. This might suggest that E. coli infection in lyrebirds is relatively benign, and behavioural effects may thus be subtle. No significant differences were found in specific measurements of foraging behaviour but non infected birds tended to scratch more frequently than infected birds.

PL

Populacje lirogona zmniejszają swą liczebności od lat 1940-tych przede wszystkim w związku z postępującym procesem urbanizacji. Jednakże ostatnie badania wskazują, ze także infekcje chlamydiami mogą być zagrożeniem dla tego gatunku. Zbadano poziom infekcji populacji lirogona zamieszkującej las Sherbrooke (południowo-wschodnia Australia, Fig. 1) dwoma bakteriami: E. coli i Ch. psittaci. Próby kału zebrano dla 33 ptaków (15 samic, 13 samców i 5 młodych) stanowiących około 27.5% całej populacji zamieszkującej teren badań. W żadnej z prób nie stwierdzono Ch. psittaci. W 67.9% prób zebranych dla ptaków dorosłych i 80% od ptaków młodych stwierdzono obecność E. coli. Nie stwierdzono różnic w częstości ani poziomie zapasożycenia ptaków dorosłych i młodych jak również samców i samic tymi bakteriami (Fig. 2). Analizie poddano również nagrania wideo zachowania ptaków. Nie stwierdzono, aby poszczególne formy aktywności i zachowania związane z żerowaniem ptaków zainfekowanych E. coli różniły się od tych stwierdzanych dla ptaków nie zainfekowanych.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Escherichia coli; Chlamydophila psittaci; bird; Superb Lyrebird; Menura novaehollandiae; host sex; host age; sex effect; age effect; fecal analysis; pathogen; bacteria; Chlamydia

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Acta Ornithologica
• Rocznik: 2004
• Tom: 39
• Numer: 2
• Opis fizyczny: p.111-120,fig.,ref

Twórcy

autor

Milne R. J.

• Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia

autor

Poiani A.

autor

Coulson G.

autor

Auld R.

Bibliografia

• Archbold M. K. 2003. Sexual selection and ecological aspects of cloacal microorganism infection in some Australian birds. Honours Thesis, University of Melbourne.
• Baker G. B., Gales R., Hamilton S., Wilkinson V. 2002. Albatrosses and petrels in Australia: a review of their conservation and management. Emu 102: 71-97.
• Banko P. C., David R. E., Jacobi J. D., Banko, W. E. 2001. Conservation status and recovery strategies for endemic Hawaiian birds. Studies in Avian Biol. 22: 359-376.
• Belthoff J. R., Duffy A. M. J. 1998. Corticosterone, body condition and locomotor activity: A model for dispersal in screech owls. Anim. Behav. 55: 405-415.
• Best A., La Ragione R. M., Cooley W. A., O'Connor C. D., Velge P., Woodward M. J. 2003. Interaction with avian cells and colonisation of specific pathogen free chicks by Shigatoxin negative Escherichia coli 0157:h7 (NCTC 12900). Vet. Microbiol. 93: 207-222.
• Biggins D. E., Kosoy M. Y. 2001. Influences of introduced plague on North American mammals: implications from ecology of plague in Asia. J. Mammal. 82: 906-916.
• Booth D. T., Clayton D. H., Block B. 1993. Experimental demonstration of the energetic cost of parasitism, in free-ranging hosts. Proc. R. Soc. London В 253: 125-129.
• Borgia G., Collis K. 1989. Female choice for parasite-free male satin bowerbirds and the evolution of bright male plumage. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25: 445-454.
• Cassinello J., Gomendio M., Roldan E. R. S. 2001. Relationship between coefficient of inbreeding and parasite burden in endangered gazelles. Conserv. Biol. 15:1171-1174.
• Childress M. J., Lung M. A. 2003. Predation risk, gender and the group size effect: does elk vigilance depend on the behaviour of conspecifics? Anim. Behav. 66: 389-398.
• Christe P., Richner H., Oppliger A. 1996. Of great tits and fleas: Sleep baby sleep. Anim. Behav. 52: 1087-1092.
• Clayton D. H. 1990. Mate choice in experimentally parasitized Rock Doves: lousy males lose. Am. Zool. 30: 251-262.
• Clayton D. H. 1991. Coevolution of avian grooming and ectoparasite avoidance. In: Loye J. E., Zuk M. (eds). Bird-parasite interactions. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 258-289.
• Clayton D. H., Moore J. (eds). 1997. Host parasite evolution: general principles and avian models. Oxford Univ. Pres.
• Colagross A. M. L., Cockburn A. 1993. Vigilance and grouping in the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus. Aust. J. Zool. 41: 325-334.
• Dobson A., Hudson P. 1995. The interaction between the parasites and predators of red grouse Lapogus lapogus scoticus. Ibis 137: 87-96.
• Duffy G. 2003. Verocytoxigenic Escherichia coli in animal faeces, manures and slurries. J. Appl. Microbiol. 94: 94-106.
• Dwyer G., Levin S. A., Butteil L. 1990. A simulation model of the population dynamics and evolution of myxomatosis. Ecol. Monog. 60: 423-447.
• Everett K. D. E. 2000. Chlamydia and Chlamydiales: more than meets the eye. Vet. Microbiol. 75:109-126.
• Fenner F., Kerr P. J. 1994. Evolution of the pox viruses, including the coevolution of virus and host in myxomatosis. In: Moorse S. S. (ed.). The evolutionary biology of viruses. Raven Press, New York, pp. 273-292.
• Getty T. 2001. Signaling health versus parasites. Am. Nat. 159: 363-371.
• Gomis S. M., Watts T, Riddell C., Potter A. A., Allan B. J. 1997. Experimental reproduction of Escherichia coli cellulitis and septicemia in broiler chickens. Avian Dis. 41: 234-240.
• Gordon D. M., Cowling A. 2003. The distribution and genetic structure of Escherichia coli in Australian vertebrates: host and geographic effects. Microbiol. 149: 3575-3586.
• Gross W. B. 1991. Colibacillosis. In: Calnek B. W., Barnes H. J., Beard C. W., Reid W. M., Yoder H. W. Jr (eds). Diseases of poultry. Iowa State Univ. Press: Ames, pp. 138-144.
• Hamilton W. D., Zuk M. 1982. Heritable true fitness and bright birds: a role for parasites? Science 218: 384-387.
• Higgins P. J., Peter J. M., Steele W. K. 2001. Menura novaehol-landiae Superb Lyrebird. In: Higgins P. J., Peter J. M., Steele W. K. (eds). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds. Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 142-173.
• Hillgarth N., Wingfield J. C. 1997. Parasite-mediated sexual selection: Endocrine aspects. In: Clayton D. H., Moore J. (eds). Host parasite evolution: General principles and avian models. Oxford University Press, pp. 78-104.
• Holz P. H., Middleton D. R., Slocombe R. F. 2003. Chlamydiophilosis in superb lyrebirds (Menura novaehol-landiae). Aust. Vet. J. 81: 426-427.
• Hupton G., Portocarrero S., Newman M., Westneat D. F. 2003. Bacteria in the reproductive tracts of red-winged blackbirds. Condor 105: 453-464.
• John J. L. 1997. Seven comments on the theory of sosigonic selection. J. Theor. Biol. 187: 333-349.
• Kenyon R. F. 1972. Polygyny among superb lyrebirds in Sherbrook Forest, Kallista, Victoria. Emu 72: 70-76.
• Kirkpatrick M., Ryan M. J. 1991. The evolution of mating preferences and the paradox of the lek. Nature 350: 33-38.
• Latta S. C. 2003. Effects of scaley-leg mite infestations on body condition and site fidelity of migratory warblers in the Dominican Republic. Auk 120: 730-743.
• Lee K. A., Franson J. C., Kinsella J. M., Hollmen T., Hansen S. P., Hollmen A. 2004. Intestinal helminths in mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) from Arizona, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee, U.S.A. Comp. Parasitol. 71: 81-85.
• Lombardo M. P., Thorpe P. A., Power H. W. 1999. Inoculation of beneficial microbes as a potential direct benefit to female birds from participating in copulation, including extra-pair copulations. Behav. Ecol. 10: 333-337.
• Loye J., Carrol S. 1995. Birds, bugs and blood: avian parasitism and conservation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10: 232-235.
• Loye J. E., Zuk M. 1991. Bird Parasite Interactions. Oxford Univ. Press.
• Lung N. P., Thompson J. P., Kollias G. V. Jr, Olsen J. H., Zdziarski J. M., Klein P. A. 1996. Maternal immunoglobulin G antibody transfer and development of immunoglobulin G antibody responses in Blue and Gold Macaw (Ara ararauna) chicks. Am. J. Vet. Res. 57:1162-1167.
• Mardh P., Paavonen J., Puolakkainen M. 1989. Chlamydia. Plenum Publishing, New York.
• Moore J. 1995. The behaviour of parasitized animals. Bioscience 45: 89-96.
• Poiani A. 2002. Sperm competition promoted by sexually transmitted pathogens and female immune defences. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 14: 327-340.
• Poiani A., Gwozdz J. 2002. Cloacal microorganisms and mating systems of four Australian bird species. Emu 102: 291-296.
• Poiani A., Wilks C. 2000a. Cloacal microparasites and sexual selection in three Australian passerine species. Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 12: 251-258.
• Poiani A., Wilks C. 2000b. Sexually transmitted diseases: a possible cost of promiscuity. Auk 117: 1061-1065.
• Potti J., Merino S. 1995. Louse loads of Pied Flycatchers: Effects of host's sex, age, condition and relatedness. J. Avian Biol. 26: 203-208.
• Powys V. 1995. Regional variation in the territorial songs of superb lyrebirds in the central tablelands of New South Wales. Emu 95: 280-289.
• Proctor H. C., Jones D. N. 2004. Geographical structuring of feather mite assemblages from the Australian brush-turkey (Aves: Megapodiidae). J. Parasitol. 90: 60-66.
• Quinn P. J., Carter M. E., Markey B. 1994. Clinical veterinary microbiology. Wolfe Publishing, London.
• Reilly P. N. 1988. The Lyrebird. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.
• Robinson F. N. 1991. Phatic communication in bird song. Emu 81: 145-157.
• Robinson F. N., Curtis H. S. 1996. The vocal displays of the lyrebirds (Menuridae). Emu 96: 258-275.
• Robinson F. N., Frith H. J. 1981. The Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae at Tidbinbilla, ACT. Emu 81: 145-157.
• Rozsa L. 1993. An experimental test of the site specifity of preening to control lice in feral pigeons. J. Parasitol. 79: 968-970.
• Rozsa L., Rkasi J., Reiczigel J. 1996. Relationship of host coloniality to the population ecology of avian lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). J. Anim. Ecol. 65: 242-248.
• Shutler D., Ankney C. D., Dennis D. G. 1996. Could the blood parasite Leucocytozoon deter mallard range expansion? J. Wildl. Manage. 60: 569-580.
• Smith L. H. 1965. Changes in the tail feathers of the adolescent lyrebird. Science 147: 510-512.
• Smith L. H. 1968. The Lyrebird. Lansdowne Press, Melbourne.
• Smith L. H. 1982. Moulting sequences in the development of the tail plumage of the superb lyrebird, Menura novaehollandiae. Aust. Wildl. Res. 9: 311-330.
• Smith L. H. 1990. A method for determining the curvature of natural forms and its application to certain tail feathers of the Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae. Emu 90: 231-240.
• Smith L. H. 1999. Structural changes in the main rectrices of the Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae in the development of the filamentary feathers. Emu 99: 46-59.
• Spalding M. G., Forrester D. J. 1993. Pathogenesis of Eustrongylides ignotus (Nematoda: Dioctophymatoidea) in ciconiiformes. J. Wildl. Dis. 29: 250-260.
• Staszewski V., Boulinier T. 2004. Vaccination: a way to address questions in behavioral and population ecology? Trends Parasitol. 20: 17-22.
• Suzuki S. 1994. Pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 21: 89-105.
• Toigo C. 1999. Vigilance behaviour in lactating female Alpine ibex. Can. J. Zool. 77:1060-1063.
• Van Riper C., Van Riper S. G., Goff M. L., Laird M. 1986. The epizootiology and ecological significance of malaria in Hawaiian land birds. Ecol. Monog. 56: 327-344.
• Waldenstrom J., Broman T., Carlsson I., Hasselquist D., Achterberg R. P., Wagenaar J. A., Olsen B. 2002. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in different ecological guilds and taxa of migrating birds. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 5911-5917.
• Weisburg W. G., Hatch T. T., Woese C. R. 1986. Eubacterial origin of Chlamydiate. J. Bacteriol. 1986: 167.
• Wheeler T. A., Threlfall W. 1986. Observations on the ectoparasites of some Newfoundland passerines (Aves: Passeriformes). Can. J. Zool. 64: 630-636.
• Woodard J. D., Murphy M. T. 1999. Sex roles, parental experience and reproductive success of eastern kingbirds, Tyrannus tyrannus. Anim. Behav. 51:105-115.
• Zheng W. M., Yoshimura Y. 1999. Localization of macrophages in the chicken oviduct: effects of age and gonadal steroids. Poultry Sci. 78: 1014-1018.
• Zheng W. M., Yoshimura Y., Tamura T. 1997. Effects of sexual maturation and gonadal steroids on the localization of IgG-, IgM- and IgA-positive cells in the chicken oviduct. J. Reprod. Fertil. 111: 277-284.
• Zuk M. 1992. The role of parasites in sexual selection: current evidence and future directions. Adv. Study Behav. 21: 39-68.
• Zuk M., McLean K. A. 1996. Sex differences in parasite infections: Patterns and processes. Int. J. Parasitol. 26: 1009-1024.