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1978 | 23 | 4 |

Tytuł artykułu

Mode of life of graptolites

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Warianty tytułu

Języki publikacji

EN

Abstrakty

EN
The probable mode of life of the graptolites (crustoids, dendroids and graptoloids) is reconstructed from a logical interpretation of their rhabdosomal structures. The readaptation of sessile colonial organisms to meet the requirements of a freely-moving existence in the plankton is regarded as the controlling factor in the evolution of the graptoloids. It is suggested that the gradual reduction in the size of the colony in the dichograptids, biserial and uniserial graptoloids may have been a consequence of the undesirability of coloniality in the new environment, and that the graptoloids might have attained individuality, disappearing into the plankton at the time of their supposed extinction.

Słowa kluczowe

Wydawca

-

Rocznik

Tom

23

Numer

4

Opis fizyczny

p.534-555,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

  • Geology Department, U.C.W. Penglais, Aberystwyt, Dyfed SY24 5BG, U.K.

Bibliografia

  • BERRY, W. B. N., 1974. Virgula structure and function in a monograptidand an orthograptid. In: Rickards, R. B., Jackson, D. E. and Hughes, C. P. Graptolite studies in honour of O.M.B. Bulman. - Spec. Pap. Palaeont. 13, 131-140.
  • - and BOUCOT, A. J., 1972. Silurian Graptolite Depth Zonation. - 24th International Geological Congress, Section 7, Palaeontology. Montreal, 59-65.
  • BOHLIN, B., 1949-55. The affinities of Graptolites. - Bull. Geol. Inst. Uppsala, 34, 107-113.
  • BUCHSBAUM, R. 1951. Animals without Backbones, Penguin Books, Hammondsworth, Middlesex.
  • BULMAN, O. M. B., 1933. On the graptolites as prepared by Holm. 6. Structural characters of some Dictyonema and Desmograptus species from the Ordovician and Silurian of Sweden apd the East Baltic Region. - Ark. Zool., 26A, 5, 1-52.
  • - 1944-47. Monograph of Caradoc (Balclatchie) graptiolites from limestones in Laggan Burn, Ayrshire. - Palaeontograph. Soc., London, Mon, 1-78.
  • - 1964. Lower Palaeozoic plankton. - Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., 120, 455-476.
  • - 1970. Graptolithina - R. C. Moore (ed.), Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, Pt. V, Geol. Soc. America and Univ. Kansas Press, New York; Kansas.
  • - and STØRMER, L., 1971. Buoyancy structures in rhabdosomes of Dictyonema flabelliforme (Eichwald). - Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift, 51, 25-31
  • COOPER R.A. and MCLAURIN, A.N., 1974. Apiograptus gen. nov. and the origin of the biserial graptoloid rhabdosome. In: Rickards, R.B. Jackson, D.E. and Hughes, C.P. Graptolite studies in honour of O.M.B. Bulman. - Spec. Pap. Palaeont. 13, 75-85.
  • ELLES, G.L. and WOOD, E.M.R, 1901-18. Monograph of British Graptolites. - Palaeontograph. Soc., Mon.
  • HUNDT, R., 1965. Aus der Welt der Graptolithen. - Seidel & Co. (Berlin, Bonn).
  • HUTT, J.E. 1974. The development of Clonograptus tenellus and Adelograptus hunnebergensis. - Lethaia, 7, 79-92.
  • HUTT, J., RICKARDS, R.B. and SKEVINGTON, D., 1970. Isolated Silurian Graptolites from the Bollerup and Klubbudden Stages of Dalarna, Sweden. - Geologica et Paleontologica, 4, 1-23.
  • HYMAN, L.H., 1951. The Invertebrates. Vol. III. - New York (McGraw Hill).
  • JAEGER, H. J.970. Remarks on, the stratigraphy and morphology of Praguian and probably younger monograptids. - Lethaia, 3, 173-182.
  • KIRK, N.H., 1969. Some thoughts on the ecology, mode of life, and evolution of the Graptolithina. - Proc. geol. Soc. Lond. 1659, 273-292.
  • - 1972a. More thoughts on the automobility of the graptolites. - Jl. geol. Soc. Lond. 128, 127-133.
  • - 1972b. Some thought on the construction of the rhabdosome in the Graptolithina, with special reference to extrathecal tissue and its bearing on the theory of automobility. - Geol. Dept. Publ. U.C.W., Aberystwyth, 1, 1-21.
  • - 1974a. Some thoughts on convergence and divergence in the Graptolithina. - Ibidem, 5, 1-29.
  • - 1974b. More thoughts on the construction of the rhabdosome in the Dendroidea, in the light of the ultrastructure of the Dendroidea and of Mastigograptus. -Ibidem, 6, 1-11.
  • - 1975. More thoughts on the construction and functioning of the rhabdosome in the Graptoloidea in the light of their ultrastructure. - Ibidem, 7, 1-21.
  • KOZŁOWSKI, R., 1949. Les graptolithes et quelques nouveaux groupes d'animaux , du Tremadoc de la Pologne. - Palaeont. Pol. 3, 193-210.
  • LEGRAND, Ph., 1974. Development of rhabdosomes with four primary branches in the group Dictyonema flabelliforme (Eichwald). In: Rickards, R.B., Jackson, D.E. and Hughes, C.P. Graptolite studies in honour of O.M.B. Bulman. - Spec. Pap. Palaeont. 13, 19-34.
  • RICKARDS, R.B., 1975. Palaeoecology of the Graptolithina, an extinct class of the Phylum Hemichordata. - Biol. Rev. 50, 397-436.
  • RIVA, J., 1974. Late Ordovician spinose climacograptids from the Pacific and Atlantic faunal provinces. In: Rickards, R.B., Jackson, D.E. & Hughes, C.P. Graptolite studies in honour of O.M.B. Bulman. - Spec. Pap. Palaeont., 13, 107-126.
  • RUEDEMANN, R., 1904-1908. Graptolites of New York, Pts. I, II. - N.Y. State Museum, Mem. 7 and 11.
  • - 1947. Graptolites of North America. - Geol. Soc. America, Mem. 19.
  • SKEVINGTON, D., 1966. The Morphology and Systematics of "Didymograptus" fasciculatus Nicholson, 1869. -Geol. Mag. 103, 487-497.
  • THORSTEINSSON, R., 1955. The mode of Cladial generation in Cyrtograptus. - Geol. Mag. 92, 37-49.
  • URBANEK, A 1958. Monograptidae from erratic boulders of Poland. - Palaeont. Pol., 9, 1-105.
  • - 1963. On generation and regeneration of cladia in some Upper Silurian monograptids. - Acta Palaeont. Pol., 8, 135-254.
  • - 1966. On the morphology and evolution of the Cucullograptidae (Monograptidae, Graptolithina). - Ibidem, 11, 291-544.
  • - 1973. Organization and Evolution of Graptolite Colonies: In: Boardman, R.S., Cheetham, A.H. and Oliver, W.A (Eds.) Animal Colonies. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Dawden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc., 441-517.
  • - 1976. The problem of graptolite affinities in the light of ultrastructural studies on peridermal derivatives in Pterobranchs. - Acta Palaeont., Pol., 21, 3-36.
  • - and RICKARDS, R.B., 1974. The ultrastructure of some retiolitids and graptoblasts. In: Rickards, R.B., Jackson, D.E. and Hughes, C.P. Graptolite studies in honour of O.M.B. Bulman. - Spec. Pap. Palaeont. 13, 177-186.
  • - and TOWE, K.M. 1974. Ultrastructural Studies on Graptolites, 1: The Periderm and its Derivatives in the Dendroidea and in Mastigograptus. - Smithsonian Contrib. Paleobiol. 20, 1-20.
  • - and - 1975. Ultrastructural Studies on Graptolites, 2: The Periderm and its Derivatives in the Graptoloidea. - Ibidem, 22, 1-24.

Typ dokumentu

Bibliografia

Identyfikatory

Identyfikator YADDA

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