Metabolic and technical changes in swimmers during a 100-m all-out front crawl

• Autorzy: Almeida-Coelho J. , Fernandes R.J. , Vilas-Boas J.P.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Introduction. Swimming performance depends on the swimmer’s capacity to generate mechanical power and resist fatigue. As short intense exercise (up to 1 min in duration) depends heavily on anaerobic energy release, glycolytic contribution seems fundamental for performing the 50 m and 100 m swimming events. Swimming velocity is also highly dependent on swimmers’ technique, which could be assessed with stroke frequency (SR) and stroke length (SL). Aim of Study. The study aimed to analyse changes of metabolic and technical parameters in swimmers performing a maximal 100-m all-out front crawl. Material and Methods. Seven well-trained male swimmers (51.79 + 1.1 s at 100 m freestyle), performed an 100-m all-out front crawl, with intermediate velocity, SR, and SL assessed at each 25 m of the covered test distance. To estimate changes in blood lactate concentrations ([La⁻]), the blood lactate increasing speed (BLIS) methodology was used, with swimmers performing 25, 50 and 75 m front crawl bouts (controlled with a visual pacer) at the previously assessed velocities in each split of the 100 m test. [La⁻] were assessed before and immediately after each trial (until reaching the peak [La⁻]), with BLIS determined with the time rate of net [La⁻] per split. SR and SL were assessed using a video camera and a chronometer. Means and SD, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and ANOVA for repeated measures were used (p < 0.05) for statistical analysis. Results. The average velocity of the 100 m test was 1.89 ± 0.15 m·s⁻¹, decreasing during the first three laps (and increasing in the last 25 m), concurrently with an increase in SR and a decrease in SL. [La⁻] increased throughout the test (to 15.01 ± 1.42 mmol·l⁻¹), and BLIS diminished during the first three laps, while increasing during the last one. Conclusions. Glycolytic power determines the first 25 m lap of a maximal 100 m front crawl effort, causing fatigue effects measured with simple biomechanical parameters. A volitive effect of metabolic pathways can be observed in the last 25 m.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Trends in Sport Sciences
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: 23
• Numer: 4
• Opis fizyczny: p.177-183,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Almeida-Coelho J.

• Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
• Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

autor

Fernandes R.J.

• Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
• Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

autor

Vilas-Boas J.P.

• Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
• Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

Bibliografia

• 1. Gastin PB. Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med. 2001; 31(10): 725-741.
• 2. Figueiredo P, Zamparo P, Sousa A, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. An energy balance of the 200 m front crawl race. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011; 111: 767-777.
• 3. Harmer AR, et al. Skeletal muscle metabolic and ionic adaptations during intense exercise following sprint training in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2000; 89(5): 1793- -1803.
• 4. Fernandes R, Sousa M, Machado L, Vilas-Boas JP. Step length and individual anaerobic threshold assessment in swimming. Int J Sports Med. 2011; 32(12): 940-946.
• 5. Zacca R, Fernandes RJ, Pyne DB, Castro FA. Swimming training assessment: the critical velocity and the 400-m test for age-group swimmers. J Strength Cond Res. 2016; 30(5): 1365-1372.
• 6. Di Prampero PE, Pendergast AM. Blood lactic acid concentrations in high velocity swimming. In: IV International Congress on Swimming Medicine. 1978. Stockholm, Sweden: University Park Press.
• 7. Vilas-Boas JP, Duarte JA. Blood lactate kinetics on 100 m freestyle event. In: IXth FINA International Aquatic Sports Medicine Congress, 2nd Advanced IOC Medicine Course, III Congresso Sur-Americano de Medicina Deportiva, X Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina Desportiva. 1991. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil: FINA International Aquatic Sports Medicine Congress.
• 8. Laffite LP, et al. Changes in physiological and stroke parameters during a maximal 400-m free swimming test in elite swimmers. Can J Appl Physiol. 2004; 29(Suppl): S17-31.
• 9. Ferreira M, et al. Blood lactate and ammonia kinetics along the 200 m butterfly swimming event: comparison among adult and juvenile swimmers. 1997.
• 10. Keskinen KL, Komi PV. A comparative study of blood lactate in swimming. Int J Sports Med. 1989; 10(3): 197- -201.
• 11. Huot-Marchand F, et al. Changes in stroking parameters associated with an increase in front crawl speed at high level. Hellard P, et al., editors. 2006, Atlantica: France.
• 12. Costill D, et al. Energy expenditure during front crawl swimming: predicting success in middle-distance events. Int J Sports Med. 1985; 6(5): 266-270.
• 13. Ribeiro J, Figueiredo P, Sousa A, Monteiro J, Pelarigo J, Vilas-Boas JP, Toussaint HM, Fernandes RJ. VO₂ kinetics and metabolic contributions during full and upper body extreme swimming intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015; 115: 1117-1124.
• 14. Ribeiro J, Figueiredo P, Morais S, Alves F, Toussaint H, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Biomechanics, energetics and coordination during extreme swimming intensity: effect of performance level. Journal of Sports Sciences, 2016; Sep 7: 1-8 [epub ahead of print].
• 15. Wakayoshi K, et al. Relationship between oxygen uptake, stroke rate and swimming velocity in competitive swimming. Int J Sports Med. 1995; 16(1): 19-23.
• 16. Cardelli C, Chollet D, Lerda R. Analysis of the 100-m front crawl as a function of skill level in non-expert swimmers. J Hum Mov Studies. 1999; 36: 51-74.
• 17. Craig AB, Jr, et al. Velocity, stroke rate, and distance per stroke during elite swimming competition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985; 17(6): 625-634.
• 18. Arellano R, et al. Analysis of 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle swimmers at the 1992 Olympic Games. J Appl Biomechanics. 1994; 10: 189-199.
• 19. Pelayo P, et al. Stroking characteristics in freestyle swimming and relationships with anthropometric characteristics. J Appl Biomechanics. 1996; 12: 197-206.
• 20. Hay JG. Cycle rate, length, and speed of progression in human locomotion. J Appl Biomechanics. 2002; 18: 257- -270.
• 21. Seifert L, Chollet D, Chatard JC. Kinematic changes during a 100-m front crawl: effects of performance level and gender. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007; 39(10): 1784-1793.
• 22. Kennedy P, et al. Analysis of male and female Olympic swimmers in the 100-meter events. Int J Sports Biomechanics. 1990; 6: 187-197.
• 23. Toussaint HM, et al. Effect of fatigue on stroking characteristics in an arms-only 100-m front-crawl race. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006; 38(9): 1635-1642.
• 24. Roecker K. Increase characteristics of the cumulated excess-CO₂ and the lactate concentration during exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2000; 21: 419-423.
• 25. Hollidge-Horvat MG, et al. Effect of induced metabolic acidosis on human skeletal muscle metabolism during exercise. Am J Physiol. 1999; 277(4 Pt. 1): E647-658.
• 26. Vescovi JD, Falenchuk O, Wells G. Blood lactate concentration and clearance in elite swimmers during competition. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2011; 6: 106- -117.
• 27. Bonifazi M, et al. Blood lactate accumulation in top level swimmers following competition. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1993; 33(1): 13-18.
• 28. Bonen A. The expression of lactate transporters (MCT1 and MCT4) in heart and muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2001; 86(1): 6-11.
• 29. Esbjornsson M, et al. Fast twitch fibres may predict anaerobic performance in both females and males. Int J Sports Med. 1993; 14(5): 257-263.