Radiological evaluation of the quadriceps angle (Q angle) in German Shepherd dogs

• Autorzy: Lojszczyk-Szczepaniak A. , Silmanowicz P. , Balicki I.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The research was conducted on a selected group of 65 healthy German Shepherd Dogs to determine Q angle values. The animals were tranquilized, positioned in ventrodorsal recumbency, and examined radiologically. The radiographs were converted into digital form and analyzed by specialized software to determine the lines and to make measurements. The Q angle assessment was based on the determination of two lines according to Kaiser and Miles in previous research. The first line was drawn from the cranial lip of the acetabulum of the hip joint to the centre of the femoral intercondylar notch. The second line was drawn from the femoral intercondylar notch to the tibial tuberosity. The angle between these two lines was the Q angle. The results were statistically analyzed, and basic statistical parameters were calculated, such as statistical mean (Me), standard deviation (SD), as well as minimum (Min) and maximum (Max) values. In our study the mean of the results was 17 with a standard deviation of 7.38. These results are are in agreement with the results of studies carried out on foxes, which suggests that the selection of patients of the same breed, size and similar body weight does not significantly reduce the standard deviation in determining the reference values. The differences between the right and left hind limbs were also observed in our study.

Słowa kluczowe

EN

radiological evaluation; radiographic measurement; quadriceps angle; quadriceps femoris muscle; German Shepherd breed; dog; patella; healthy animal

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Medycyna Weterynaryjna
• Rocznik: 2014
• Tom: 70
• Numer: 01
• Opis fizyczny: p.46-49,fig.,ref.

Twórcy

autor

Lojszczyk-Szczepaniak A.

• Laboratory of Radiology and Ultrasonography, Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland

autor

Silmanowicz P.

• Laboratory of Radiology and Ultrasonography, Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland

autor

Balicki I.

• Laboratory of Radiology and Ultrasonography, Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Gleboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland

Bibliografia

• 1. Adamiak Z., Brzeski W., Nowicki M.: Artroskopowa diagnostyka chondromalacji stawu udowo-rzepkowego psów. Mag. Wet. 1999, 4, 284-285.
• 2. Ando T.: Factors affecting the rectus femoris-patellar tendon Q-angle, measured using a computed tomographic scan. J. Orthop. Sci. 1999, 4, 73-77.
• 3. Ando T., Hirose H., Inoue M., Shino K., Doi T.: A new method using computed tomographic scan to measure the rectus femoris-patellar tendon Q-angle comparison with conventional method. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res. 1993, 289, 213-219.
• 4. Beale B. S.: How to succeed in repairing medial patellar luxation in small dogs and cats. 15th ESVOT Congress, Bologna, Italy 2010, 712-717.
• 5. Berg E. E., Mason S. L., Lucas M. J.: Patellar height ratios. A comparison of four measurement methods. Am. J. Sports Med. 1996, 24 (2), 218-221.
• 6. Blackburne J. S., Peel T. E.: A new method of measuring patellar height. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1977, 59B (2), 241-242.
• 7. Bound N., Zakai D., Butterworth S. J., Pead M.: The prevalence of canine patellar luxation in three centres. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 2009, 1, 32-37.
• 8. Brattström H.: Patella alta in non-dislocating knee joints. Acta Orthop. Scandinav. 1970, 41, 578-588.
• 9. Caton J., Mironneau A., Walch G., Levigne C., Michel C. R.: Idiopathic high patella in adolescents. Apropos of 61 surgical cases. Rev. Chir. Orthop. Reparatrice Appar. Mot. 1990, 76(4), 253-260.
• 10. Christian S. R., Anderson M. B., Workman R., Conway W. F., Pope T. L.: Imaging of anterior knee pain. Clin. Sports Med. 2006, 25, 681-702.
• 11. Cibulka M. T., Threlked-Watkins J.: Patellofemoral pain and asymmetrical hip rotation. Phys. Ther. 2005, 85, 1201-1207.
• 12. Colvin A. C., West R. V.: Patellar instability. J. Bone Joint Surg. 2008, 90, 2751-2762.
• 13. Dandy D. J.: Chronic patellofemoral instability. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1996, 2 (78B), 328-335.
• 14. Dudley R. M., Kowaleski M. P., Drost T., Dyce J.: Radiographic and computed tomographic determination of femoral varus and torsion in the dog. Vet. Rad & Ultrasound 2006, 47 (6), 546-552.
• 15. Edwards G. A., Jackson A. H.: Use of a TT plate for correction of severe patella baja in chihuahua. JAAHA 2012, 48 (2), 113-117.
• 16. Elias D. A., White L. M.: Imaging of patellofemoral disorders. Clin. Rad. 2004, 59, 543-557.
• 17. Ferguson J.: Patellar luxation in the dog and cat. In practice 1997, 4, 174-184.
• 18. Fossum T. W.: Chirurgia małych zwierząt. Elsevier, Wrocław 2007.
• 19. France L., Nester C.: Effect of errors in the identification of anatomical landmarks on the accuracy of Q angle values. Clin. Biomech. 2001, 16, 710-713.
• 20. Grelsamer R. P., Dubey A., Weinstein C. H.: Men and women have similar Q angles. A clinical and triogonometric evaluation. J. Bone Joint Surg. 2005, 87, 1498-1501.
• 21. Grelsamer R. P., Meadows S.: The modified Insall-Salvati ratio for assessment of patellar height. Clin. Orthop. Relat Res. 1992, 282, 170-176.
• 22. Griffon D. J.: Assessment and correction of patellar alta/baja. 16th ESVOT, Lyon, France 2011, pp. 19-22.
• 23. Griffon D. K.: Patellar luxation: CT and decision making. 15th ESVOT Congress, Bologna, Italy 2010, pp. 113-114.
• 24. Hahn T., Foldspang A.: The Q angle and sport. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 1997, 7, 43-48.
• 25. Huberti H. H., Hayes W.: Patellofemoral contact pressures. The influence of Q angle and tendofemoral contact. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1984, 66 (5), 715-724.
• 26. Huberti H. H., Hayes W. C., Stone J. L., Shybut G. T.: Force ratios in the quadriceps tendon and ligamentum patellae. J. Orthop. Res. 1984, 2 (1), 49-54.
• 27. Johnson A. L., Probst C. W., DeCamp C. E., Rosenstein D. S., Hauptman J. G., Weaver B. T., Kern T. L.: Comparison of trochlear block recession and trochlear wedge recession for canine patellar luxation using a cadaver model. Vet. Surg. 2001, 30, 140-150.
• 28. Juhn M. S.: Patellofemoral pain syndrome: A review and guidelines for treatment. Am. Fam. Physican. 1999, 60 (7), 2012-2018.
• 29. Kaiser S., Cornely D., Golder W., Garner M., Waibl H., Brunnberg L.: Magnetic resonance measurements of the deviation of the angle force generated by contraction of the quadriceps muscle in dogs with congenital patellar luxation. Vet. Surg. 2001, 30, 552-558.
• 30. Kaiser S., Cornely D., Golder W., Garner M. T., Wolf K. J., Waibl H., Brunnberg L.: The correlation of canine patellar luxation and the anteversion angle as measured using magnetic resonance images. Vet Rad & Ultrasound 2001, 42 (2), 113-118.
• 31. Kowaleski M. P.: Concomitant medial patellar luxation and cranial cruciate ligament disease. 15th ESVOT Congress, Bologna, Italy 2010, pp. 113-114.
• 32. L’Eplattenier H.: Patellar luxation in dogs and cats: pathogenesis and diagnosis. Comp. 2002, 24 (3), 234-240.
• 33. Lee T. Q., Morris G., Csintalan R. P.: The influence of tibial and femoral rotation on patellofemoral contact area and pressure. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 2003, 33, 686-693.
• 34. Livingston L. A.: The quadriceps angle: a review of the literature. JOSPT 1998, 28 (2), 105-109.
• 35. Livingston L. A., Mandigo J. L.: Bilateral Q angle asymmetry and anterior knee pain syndrome. Clin. Biomech. 1999, 14, 7-13.
• 36. Livingston L. A., Mandigo J. L.: Bilateral within-subject Q angle asymmetry in young adult females and males. Biomed Sci. Instrum. 1997, 33, 112-117.
• 37. Mäenpää H., Lehto M. U. K.: Patellar dislocation has predisposing factors. Knee Surg, Sports Traumatol, Arthroscopy 1996, 4, 212-216.
• 38. McNally E. G.: Imaging assessment of anterior knee pain and patellar maltracking. Skeletal Radiol. 2001, 30, 484-495.
• 39. Miles J. E., Frederiksen J. V., Jensen B., Kirpensteijn J., Svalastoga E. L., Eriksen T.: The quadriceps angle: reliability and accuracy in a fox (Vulpes vulpes) pelvic limb model. Vet. Surg. 2012, 41, 422-429.
• 40. Modrzewski K. (red.): Stawy udowo-rzepkowe. Wybrane problemy patologii, diagnostyki i terapii. BiFolium, Lublin 1998.
• 41. Mortari A. C., Rahal S. C., Vulcano L. C., Colombi da Silva V., Volpi R. S.: Use of radiographic measurements in the evaluation of dogs with medial patellar luxation. Can. Vet. J. 2009, 50, 1064-1068.
• 42. Mostafa A. A., Griffon D. J., Thomas M. W., Constable P. D.: Proximodistal alignment of the canine patella: radiographic evaluation and association with medial and lateral patellar luxation. Vet. Surg. 2008, 31, 201-211.
• 43. Neyret P., Robinson A. H. N., Coultre B., Lapra C., Chambat P.: Patellar tendon length – the factor in patellar instability? The Knee 2002, 9, 3-6.
• 44. Piermattei D. L., Flo G., DeCamp C.: Brinker, Piermattei and Flo’s handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair. Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri 2006.
• 45. Pozzi A.: Managing MPL and CCL rupture in small and large breed dogs. 15th ESVOT Congress, Bologna, Italy 2010, p. 748.
• 46. Reikerås O.: Patellofemoral characteristics in patients with increased femoral anteversion. Skeletal Radiol. 1992, 21, 311-313.
• 47. Shakespeare D., Fick D.: Patellar instability – can the TT-TG distance be measured clinically? The Knee 2005, 12, 201-204.
• 48. Shea K. G., Nilsson K., Belzer J.: Patellar dislocation in skeletally immature athletes. Oper. Tech. Sports Med. 2006, 14, 188-196.
• 49. Towle H. A., Griffon D. J., Thomas M. W., Siegel A. M., Dunning D., Johnson A.: Pre- and postoperative radiographic and computed tomographic evaluation of dogs with medial patellar luxation. Vet. Surg. 2005, 34, 265-272.
• 50. Wangdee C., Torwattanachai P.: Lateral patellar luxation in three pomerian dogs: a case report. Thai J. Vet. Med. 2010, 40 (2), 227-231.
• 51. Wayne R. K.: Limb morphology of domestic and wild canids – the influence of development on morphological change. J. Morphol. 1986, 187, 301-319.