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Background: The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of multiple kidney arteries in the Polish population. Materials and methods: The study group comprised 924 deceased patients aged between 1 month and 94 years (mean age: 63.4 ± 22.4 years) who were subject to aortonephrography and sample preparation. The ratio of male to female patients was 479:445. Results: Multiple kidney arteries were observed in 44.8% male and 31.5% female patients (p = 0.004). Considering male patients, right multiple kidney arteries were diagnosed in 24.4%, and left multiple kidney arteries in 31.3% of cases (p = 0.017). In female patients, right multiple kidney arteries were observed in 17.8% of cases, and left multiple kidney arteries in 19.6% of cases (p = 0.49). Conclusions: The incidence of multiple kidney arteries in the Polish population is a frequent phenomenon, and should be considered in case of urological surgery and kidney transplantation. (Folia Morphol 2017; 76, 2: 226–231)