Mechanizmy integracji procesów fotosyntezy i dystrybucji biomasy w niekorzystnych warunkach środowiska

• Autorzy: Starck Z.
• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

PL

Wzory dystrybucji substancji pokarmowych i wody w całej roślinie są uzależnione nie tylko od ontogenezy rośliny, lecz również od warunków środowiska, często niekorzystnych. Dlatego optymalne zaopatrzenie poszczególnych akceptorów, np. w produkty fotosyntezy jest zmienne. Preferowany okresowo import do któregoś akceptora, np. korzeni, wynika z konieczności usprawnienia funkcji pobierania wody i/lub składników mineralnych. Ocienienie preferuje zaopatrzenie rozwijających się liści. Takie założenie nie pozwala na ustalenie stałej hierarchii priorytetów zaopatrzenia akceptorów w asymilaty i występowanie pomiędzy nimi konkurencji. Omówiono hipotezy dotyczące mechanizmów integracji produkcji biomasy i dystrybucji substancji pokarmowych w niekorzystnych warunkach środowiska. Są one oparte na sprawnie działającej percepcji i transdukcji sygnałów, przekazywanych do poszczególnych organów, w postaci białek i mRNA, głównie przez floem, pełniący funkcje „magistrali informacji". W mechanizmach regulacji dystrybucji, poprzez ekspresję genów, uczestniczą poza hormonami, również cukry i związki azotowe.

EN

In the case of stress conditions the source-sink balance is altered, because of the demand and utilisation of nutrients as well as photoassimilates in individual sinks may change due to the acclimation to stress conditions, their impairment or both. Reduction of photosynthesis that accompanies N - deficiency seems to depend even more crucially on the С : N status of leaves than on the carbohydrate status alone. The mechanism controlling С : N ratio is very precise. The expression of one of the transporter gene of NH⁺₄ uptake, increases during the light period but only under conditions of N sufficient supply. In consequence it is conected with sugar import to the roots. Uptake and assimilation of NO₃⁻ depend on nitrate reductase activity, are also regulated by light and in consequence - by photosynthesis. Virus infection, as biotic stress, creating simultaneously a new sink, affects assimilate distribution in the whole plant. The tobacco mosaic virus alters the carbohydrate metabolism in leaves and dry matter partitioning between various plant organs. Transport to the lower region of stem and roots is significantly reduced. Under natural conditions, plants are affected by multistresses, in many cases abiotic and biotic. The imposition of water stress activates a signal transduction, that can override the influence of TMV-MP on the resource partitioning to the roots. The opposite response was observed in the N- deficit plants. It indicates on non-stable hierarchical position of the TMV-MP - associated signal, relatively higher than from nutrient stress in contrast to water deficiency. Recently it is assumed that there is a constant exchange of message between source and sink through the phloem, called „information superhighway". Long distance signal molecules in the sieve elements could be a hormone, protein, or mRNA, signaling to the donors and sieve elements about the sinks supply. Some informations are also presented on the role of cytokinin with other hormones and extracellular invertase as well as hexose transporters in the regulation of source-sink interaction.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Problemowe Postępów Nauk Rolniczych
• Rocznik: 2002
• Tom: 481
• Numer: 1
• Opis fizyczny: s.113-123,rys.,bibliogr.

Twórcy

autor

Starck Z.

Bibliografia

• Balachandran S., Hull R.J., Martins R.A., Vaadia Y., Lucas W.J. 1997. Influence of environmental stress on biomass partitioning in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the movement protein of tobacco mosaic virus. Plant Physiol. 114: 475-481.
• Coruzzi G.M., Zhou L. 2001. Carbon and nitrogen sensing and signaling in plants: emerging „matrix effects". Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4: 247-253.
• Farrar J.F. 1993. Sink strength: What is it and how do we measure it? A summary. Forum Plant Cell Environ. 16: 1054-1055.
• Fichtner K., Quick W.P., Schulze E.D., Mooney HA., Rodermel S.R., Bogorad L., Stitt K. 1993. Decrease ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase in transgenic tobacco transformed with „antisense" rbcS. Planta 190: 1-9.
• Geiger D.R., Koch K.E., Shieh W.J. 1996. Effect of environmental factors on whole plant assimilate partitioning and associate gene expression. J. Exp. Bot. 47: 1229-1238.
• Geiger D.R., Servaites J.C., Fuchs M.A. 2000. Role of starch in carbon translocation and partitioning at the plant level. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 27: 571-582.
• He J., Huang K., Whitecross M.I. 1994. Chloroplast ultrastructuie changes in Pisum sativum associated with supplementary ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. Plant Cell Environ. 17: 771-775.
• Huber S.C., Kerr P.S., Rufty T.W. 1985. Diurnal changes in sucrose phosphate synthase activity in leaves. Physiol. Plant. 64: 81-87.
• Jackson M. 1997. Hormones from roots as signals for the shoot of stressed plants. Trends Plant Sci. 2: 22-28.
• Koch K.E. 1996. Carbohydrate modulated gen expression in plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47: 509-540.
• Lucas W.J. Balachandran S., Park J., Wolf S. 1996. Plasmodesmal companion cell- mesophyll communication in the control over carbon metabolism and phloem transport: insight gained from viral movement proteins. J. Exp. Bot. 47: 1119-1128.
• Lucas W.J., Wolf S. 1999. Connections between virus movement, macromolecular signaling and assimilate allocation. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 2: 192-197.
• Olesiński A.A., Lucas W.J., Galun E., Wolf S. 1995. Pleiotropic effects of tobacco- mosaic-virus movement protein on carbon metabolism in transgenic tobacco plants. Planta 197: 118-126.
• Oparka K.J., Cruz S.S. 2000. The great escape: phloem transport and unloading of macromoleculs. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 51: 323-47.
• Paul М J., Driscol S.P. 1997. Sugar repression of photosynthesis: role of carbohydrate in signalling nitrogen deficiency through source : sink imbalance. Plant Cell Environ. 20: 110-116.
• Paul M., Pellny Т., Goddijn O. 2001. Enhancing photosynthesis with sugar signals. Trends in Plant Science 6: 197-200.
• Roitsch Т., Ehness R. 2000. Regulation of source/sink relations by cytokinins. Plant Growth Regulation 32: 359-367.
• Ruiz-Medrano R., Xoconostle-Cázares В., Lucas W.J. 2001. The phloem as a conduit for inter-organ communication. Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 4: 202-209.
• Sakakibara H., Suzuki M., Takei K., Deji A., Taniguchi M., Sugiyama T. 1998. A response-regulator homologue possibility involved in nitrogen signal transduction mediated by cytokinin in maize. Plant J. 14: 337-344.
• Sowiński P. 1999. Transport of photoassimilates in plants under unfavourable environmental conditions. Acta Physiol. Plant. 21: 75-85.
• Starck Z. 1995. Współzależność pomiędzy fotosyntezą i dystrybucją asymilatów a tolerancją roślin na niekorzystne warunki środowiska. Post. Nauk Rol. 3: 19-35.
• Starck Z., Bogdan J., Chołuj D. 1997. Effect of phosphorus and potassium supply on tomato plant response to chilling stress. Crop development for the cool and wet regions of Europe: 49-56.
• Quick W.P., Schaffer A.A. 1996. Sucrose metabolism in sinks and sources, in: Photo- assimilate distribution in plants and crops. Zamski E., Schaffer A.A. Marcel Dekker (eds.). Inc. New York: 115-156.
• Wample R.L., Davies R.W. 1983. Effect of flooding on starch accumulation in chloroplast of sunflower (Heliathus annuus). Plant Physiol. 73: 195-198.
• Yu S.M. 1999. Cellular and genetic responses of plants to sugar starvation. Plant Physiol. 121: 687-693.
• von Wiren N., Gazzarrini S., Gojan A., Frommer W.B. 2000. The molecular physiology of ammonium uptake and retrieval. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 3: 245-261.