PL
Chryzantema, obok róży i gerbery, jest jedną z najpopularniejszych roślin ozdobnych na świecie. Chłonny rynek zbytu podlegający prawom mody nieustannie wykazuje zapotrzebowanie na nowe odmiany. Hodowcy podejmują wiele starań, aby zaspokoić wyrafinowane i często zmieniające się gusta klientów. Odmiany popularne w jednym roku są szybko zastępowane. Stąd też największym zainteresowaniem hodowców cieszą się metody pozwalające łatwo i w krótkim czasie uzyskać zmienność pojedynczych cech, jak barwa czy typ kwiatostanu, decydujących w głównej mierze o atrakcyjności nowych odmian. W porównaniu do innych metod, wymagania te najlepiej spełnia indukowana mutageneza. W pracy scharakteryzowano chryzantemę wielkokwiatową, opisano założenia i przebieg programów hodowlanych opartych na indukowaniu mutacji promieniowaniem X i gamma oraz przedstawiono najważniejsze osiągnięcia polskiej hodowli.
EN
Chrysanthemum is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the world. On the market, ruled by the laws of fashion, there is the large demand for new cultivars. The breeders make a lot of effort to satisfy the sophisticated and frequently changing customer tastes. Popular cultivars in one year are quickly replaced by new creations. In this situation, the breeders need methods allowing for easy and fast change of individual traits such as color or type of the inflorescence, deciding mostly about the attractiveness of new cultivars of ornamental plants. A high level of ploidy and heterozygocity as well as the phenomenon of self-incompatibility in chrysanthemum make it difficult to use the traditional breeding methods as crossing, selection and techniques of genetic transformation. Induced mutagenesis is one of the most important breeding method in chrysanthemum allowing to obtain in relatively short time new cultivars with changed colour or shape and size of inflorescence. The X and gamma rays at the dose of 10–20 Gy are the most often used physical mutagens. Gamma radiation is more effective than X radiation. Whole plants or their fragments like e.g. leaves, internodes, ligulate florets in vivo and/or in vitro can be irradiated. In many mutation breeding programs non-meristematic plant tissues and the technique of adventitious shoots regeneration are used. Adventitious meristem can regenerate from individual mutated cell and in this way new cultivar (genetically stable mutant with new, desired trait) can be obtained. When meristematic tissue is irradiated the formation of genetic unstable chimeras is very possible. Next the chimera components separation methods must be applied to obtain stable mutant. The aim of this review article was to characterize scientific assumptions and conduction of breeding programs based on the induction of mutations by X and gamma radiation in chrysanthemum. The most important achievements of Polish breeding in the years 1976–2011 were presented. On the basis of the results described in scientific articles it can be concluded that mutation induction is very useful and important breeding method in chrysanthemum, especially successful when it is combined with in vitro regeneration of adventitious shoots. Besides it is relatively inexpensive, fast and easy method of obtaining new cultivars.