Evaluating breast cancer risk under exposure to environmental estrogen-like chemicals

• Autorzy: He Y. , Wang X. , Wu K.
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women in the world, with a notable increasing prevalence in recent decades. Many environmental compounds with estrogenic activity, called environmental estrogens (EEs), which are especially persistent organic pollutants, may play important roles in the occurrence and development of breast cancer and even treatment and prognosis. EE compounds, including bisphenol A, nonylphenol, phthalates, perfluorooctane sulfonate, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, dioxins, and polychlorinated biphenyls, result from industrial manufacturing and exist ubiquitously in the human environment. With the aggravation of environmental pollution, these compounds are residual in all kinds of environmental matrices – especially in industrialized countries. Humans are frequently exposed to them through various pathways, including body contact, inhalation, diet, household products, dust, and cosmetics. They have been detected in many types of human specimens. Their persistence in environmental matrices and humans has aroused global attention because of their effect on public health, especially the occurrence of breast cancer. In this review, we focus on recent research of these seven familiar EEs in industrial pollutants to provide insight into the evidence for risk of breast cancer with exposure to environmental estrogen-like chemicals and to provide clues for prevention and control of breast cancer.

• Wydawca: -
• Czasopismo: Polish Journal of Environmental Studies
• Rocznik: 2016
• Tom: 25
• Numer: 6
• Opis fizyczny: p.2239-2249,ref.

Twórcy

autor

He Y.

• Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China

autor

Wang X.

• Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China

autor

Wu K.

• Department of Preventive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China

Bibliografia

• 1. SIEGEL R., NAISHADHAM D., JEMAL A. Cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 62, 10, 2012.
• 2. DONEPUDI M.S., KONDAPALLI K., AMOS S.J., VENKANTESHAN P. Breast cancer statistics and markers. J Cancer Res Ther 10, 506, 2014.
• 3. CHEN W., ZHENG R., ZUO T., ZENG H., ZHANG S., HE J. National cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2012. Chin J Cancer Res 28, 1, 2016.
• 4. MAVADDAT N., REBBECK T.R., LAKHANI S.R., EASTON D.F., ANTONIOU A.C. Incorporating tumour pathology information into breast cancer risk prediction algorithms. Breast Cancer Res. 12, R28, 2010.
• 5. BERNSTEIN L. Epidemiology of endocrine-related risk factors for breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 7, 3, 2002.
• 6. VELIE E.M., NECHUTA S., OSUCH J.R. Lifetime reproductive and anthropometric risk factors for breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Breast Dis 24, 17, 2005.
• 7. WINDHAM G.C., PINNEY S.M., VOSS R.W., SJODIN A., BIRO F.M., GREENSPAN L.C., STEWART S., HIATT R.A., KUSHI L.H. Brominated flame retardants and other persistent organohalogenated compounds in relation to timing of puberty in a longitudinal study of girls. Environ. Health Perspect. 123, 1046, 2015.
• 8. BERNANKE J., KOHLER H.R. The impact of environmental chemicals on wildlife vertebrates. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 198, 1, 2009.
• 9. L’HERITIER F., MARQUES M., FAUTEUX M., GAUDREAU L. Defining molecular sensors to assess longterm effects of pesticides on carcinogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 15, 17148, 2014.
• 10. FERNANDEZ M., ARREBOLA J., TAOUFIKI J., NAVAL N A., BALLESTEROS O., PULGAR R., VILCHEZ J., OLEA N. Bisphenol-a and chlorinated derivatives in adipose tissue of women. Reprod. Toxicol. 24, 259, 2007.
• 11. HIROI H., TSUTSUMI O., TAKEUCHI T., MOMOEDA M., IKEZUKI Y., OKAMURA A., YOKOTA H., TAKETANI Y. Differences in serum bisphenol a concentrations in premenopausal normal women and women with endometrial hyperplasia. Endocr. J. 51, 595, 2004.
• 12. SUN Y., IRIE M., KISHIKAWA N., WADA M., KURODA N., NAKASHIMA K. Determination of bisphenol a in human breast milk by hplc with column-switching and fluorescence detection. Biomed. Chromatogr. 18, 501, 2004.
• 13. SCHÖNFELDER G., WITTFOHT W., HOPP H., TALSNESS C.E., PAUL M., CHAHOUD I. Parent bisphenol a accumulation in the human maternal-fetal-placental unit. Environ. Health Perspect. 110, A703, 2002.
• 14. YAMADA H., FURUTA I., KATO E.H., KATAOKA S., USUKI Y., KOBASHI G., SATA F., KISHI R., FUJIMOTO S. Maternal serum and amniotic fluid bisphenol a concentrations in the early second trimester. Reprod. Toxicol. 16, 735, 2002.
• 15. VANDENBERG L.N., MAFFINI M.V., SCHAEBERLE C.M., UCCI A.A., SONNENSCHEIN C., RUBIN B.S., SOTO A.M. Perinatal exposure to the xenoestrogen bisphenol-a induces mammary intraductal hyperplasias in adult cd-1 mice. Reprod. Toxicol. 26, 210, 2008.
• 16. FERNANDEZ S.V., RUSSO J. Estrogen and xenoestrogens in breast cancer. Toxicol Pathol 38, 110, 2010.
• 17. SOTO A.M., BRISKEN C., SCHAEBERLE C., SONNENSCHEIN C. Does cancer start in the womb? Altered mammary gland development and predisposition to breast cancer due to in utero exposure to endocrine disruptors. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 18, 199, 2013.
• 18. WANG D., GAO H., BANDYOPADHYAY A., WU A., YEH I.T., CHEN Y., ZOU Y., HUANG C., WALTER C.A., DONG Q., SUN L.Z. Pubertal bisphenol a exposure alters murine mammary stem cell function leading to early neoplasia in regenerated glands. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7, 445, 2014.
• 19. MAFFINI M.V., RUBIN B.S., SONNENSCHEIN C., SOTO A.M. Endocrine disruptors and reproductive health: The case of bisphenol-A. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 254, 179, 2006.
• 20. FERNANDEZ S.V., HUANG Y., SNIDER K.E., ZHOU Y., POGASH T.J., RUSSO J. Expression and DNA methylation changes in human breast epithelial cells after bisphenol a (bpa) exposure. Int. J. Oncol. 41, 369, 2012.
• 21. KANG H.J., HONG Y.B., YI Y.W., CHO C.H., WANG A., BAE I. Correlations between brca1 defect and environmental factors in the risk of breast cancer. J Toxicol Sci 38, 355, 2013.
• 22. HUSSAIN I., BHAN A., ANSARI K.I., DEB P., BOBZEAN S.A., PERROTTI L.I., MANDAL S.S. Bisphenol-a induces expression of hoxc6, an estrogen-regulated homeoboxcontaining gene associated with breast cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1849, 697, 2015.
• 23. DURANDO M., KASS L., PIVA J., SONNENSCHEIN C., SOTO A.M., LUQUE E.H., MU OZ-DE-TORO M. Prenatal bisphenol a exposure induces preneoplastic lesions in the mammary gland in wistar rats. Environ. Health Perspect. 115, 80, 2007.
• 24. SMITH-BINDMAN R. Environmental causes of breast cancer and radiation from medical imaging: Findings from the institute of medicine report. Arch. Intern. Med. 172, 1023, 2012.
• 25. YANG M., RYU J.-H., JEON R., KANG D., YOO K.-Y. Effects of bisphenol a on breast cancer and its risk factors. Arch. Toxicol. 83, 281, 2009.
• 26. TRABERT B., FALK R.T., FIGUEROA J.D., GRAUBARD B.I., GARCIA-CLOSAS M., LISSOWSKA J., PEPLONSKA B., FOX S.D., BRINTON L.A. Urinary bisphenol a-glucuronide and postmenopausal breast cancer in poland. Cancer Causes Control 25, 1587, 2014.
• 27. SPRAGUE B.L., TRENTHAM-DIETZ A., HEDMAN C.J., WANG J., HEMMING J.D., HAMPTON J.M., BUIST D.S., AIELLO BOWLES E.J., SISNEY G.S., BURNSIDE E.S. Circulating serum xenoestrogens and mammographic breast density. Breast Cancer Res. 15, R45, 2013.
• 28. LAPENSEE E.W., TUTTLE T.R., FOX S.R., BENJONATHAN N. Bisphenol a at low nanomolar doses confers chemoresistance in estrogen receptor-alpha-positive and-negative breast cancer cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 175, 2009.
• 29. DAIRKEE S.H., SEOK J., CHAMPION S., SAYEED A., MINDRINOS M., XIAO W., DAVIS R.W., GOODSON W.H. Bisphenol a induces a profile of tumor aggressiveness in high-risk cells from breast cancer patients. Cancer Res. 68, 2076, 2008.
• 30. VIVACQUA A., RECCHIA A.G., FASANELLA G., GABRIELE S., CARPINO A., RAGO V., DI GIOIA M.L., LEGGIO A., BONOFIGLIO D., LIGUORI A. The food contaminants bisphenol a and 4-nonylphenol act as agonists for estrogen receptor α in mcf7 breast cancer cells. Endocrine 22, 275, 2003.
• 31. ROY D., COLERANGLE J.B., SINGH K.P. Is exposure to environmental or industrial endocrine disrupting estrogenlike chemicals able to cause genomic instability. Front Biosci 3, d913, 1998.
• 32. SOTO A.M., JUSTICIA H., WRAY J.W., SONNENSCHEIN C. P-nonyl-phenol: An estrogenic xenobiotic released from” modified” polystyrene. Environ. Health Perspect. 92, 167, 1991.
• 33. IN S.J., KIM S.H., GO R.E., HWANG K.A., CHOI K.C. Benzophenone-1 and nonylphenol stimulated mcf-7 breast cancer growth by regulating cell cycle and metastasis-related genes via an estrogen receptor alpha-dependent pathway. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A 78, 492, 2015.
• 34. YU Z., ZHANG L., WU D. Effects of environmental estrogens on apoptosis induced by estrogen depletion in t47d cells. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 37, 395, 2003.
• 35. MOON H.J., HAN S.Y., SHIN J.-H., KANG I.H., KIM T.S., HONG J.H., KIM S.-H., FENTON S.E. Gestational exposure to nonylphenol causes precocious mammary gland development in female rat offspring. J. Reprod. Dev. 53, 333, 2007.
• 36. TAIOLI E., BRADLOW H.L., GARBERS S.V., SEPKOVIC D.W., OSBORNE M.P., TRACHMAN J., GANGULY S., GARTE S.J. Role of estradiol metabolism and cyp1a1 polymorphisms in breast cancer risk. Cancer Detect. Prev. 23, 232, 1999.
• 37. ACEVEDO R., PARNELL P.G., VILLANUEVA H., CHAPMAN L.M., GIMENEZ T., GRAY S.L., BALDWIN W.S. The contribution of hepatic steroid metabolism to serum estradiol and estriol concentrations in nonylphenol treated mmtvneu mice and its potential effects on breast cancer incidence and latency. J Appl Toxicol 25, 339, 2005.
• 38. WITTASSEK M., KOCH H.M., ANGERER J., BR NING T. Assessing exposure to phthalates–the human biomonitoring approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 55, 7, 2011.
• 39. SILVA M.J., BARR D.B., REIDY J.A., MALEK N.A., HODGE C.C., CAUDILL S.P., BROCK J.W., NEEDHAM L.L., CALAFAT A.M. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the us population from the national health and nutrition examination survey (nhanes) 1999-2000. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 331, 2004.
• 40. HOLMES A.K., KOLLER K.R., KIESZAK S.M., SJODIN A., CALAFAT A.M., SACCO F.D., VARNER D.W., LANIER A.P., RUBIN C.H. Case-control study of breast cancer and exposure to synthetic environmental chemicals among alaska native women. Int J Circumpolar Health 73, 25760, 2014.
• 41. LÓPEZ-CARRILLO L., HERN NDEZ-RAM REZ R.U., CALAFAT A.M., TORRES-S NCHEZ L., GALV N-PORTILLO M., NEEDHAM L.L., RUIZ-RAMOS R., CEBRI N M.E. Exposure to phthalates and breast cancer risk in northern mexico. Environ. Health Perspect. 118, 539, 2010.
• 42. KLEINSASSER N.H., KASTENBAUER E.R., WEISSACHER H., MUENZENRIEDER R.K., HARR US U.A. Phthalates demonstrate genotoxicity on human mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 35, 9, 2000.
• 43. SMITH R., LOURIE B. Slow death by rubber duck: How the toxic chemistry of everyday life affects our health. Random House Digital, Inc., Berkeley, 2010.
• 44. BONEFELD-JORGENSEN E.C., LONG M., BOSSI R., AYOTTE P., ASMUND G., KR GER T., GHISARI M., MULVAD G., KERN P., NZULUMIKI P. Perfluorinated compounds are related to breast cancer risk in greenlandic inuit: A case control study. Environ Health 10, 88, 2011.
• 45. GIESY J.P., KANNAN K. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1339, 2001.
• 46. BENNINGHOFF A.D., BISSON W.H., KOCH D.C., EHRESMAN D.J., KOLLURI S.K., WILLIAMS D.E. Estrogen-like activity of perfluoroalkyl acids in vivo and interaction with human and rainbow trout estrogen receptors in vitro. Toxicol. Sci. 120, 42, 2011.
• 47. SONTHITHAI P., SURIYO T., THIANTANAWAT A., WATCHARASIT P., RUCHIRAWAT M., SATAYAVIVAD J. Perfluorinated chemicals, pfos and pfoa, enhance the estrogenic effects of 17beta-estradiol in t47d human breast cancer cells. J Appl Toxicol 2015.
• 48. GHISARI M., EIBERG H., LONG M., BONEFELDJORGENSEN E.C. Polymorphisms in phase i and phaseii genes and breast cancer risk and relations to persistent organic pollutant exposure: A case-control study in inuit women. Environ Health 13, 19, 2014.
• 49. GRICE M.M., ALEXANDER B.H., HOFFBECK R., KAMPA D.M. Self-reported medical conditions in perfluorooctanesulfonyl fluoride manufacturing workers. J.Occup. Environ. Med. 49, 722, 2007.
• 50. LYCHE J.L., ROSSELAND C., BERGE G., POLDER A. Human health risk associated with brominated flameretardants (bfrs). Environ Int 74, 170, 2015.
• 51. NI H.G., DING C., LU S.Y., YIN X.L., SAMUEL S.O. Food as a main route of adult exposure to pbdes in Shenzhen, China. Sci. Total Environ. 437, 10, 2012.
• 52. LORBER M. Exposure of americans to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 18, 2, 2008.
• 53. DARNERUD P.O. Brominated flame retardants as possible endocrine disrupters. Int. J. Androl. 31, 152, 2008.
• 54. MCDONALD T.A. A perspective on the potential health risks of pbdes. Chemosphere 46, 745, 2002.
• 55. LI Z.H., LIU X.Y., WANG N., CHEN J.S., CHEN Y.H., HUANG J.T., SU C.H., XIE F., YU B., CHEN D.J. Effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether (pbde-209) in regulation of growth and apoptosis of breast, ovarian, and cervical cancer cells. Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 541, 2012.
• 56. HURLEY S., REYNOLDS P., GOLDBERG D., NELSON D.O., JEFFREY S.S., PETREAS M. Adipose levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 129, 505, 2011.
• 57. SJÖDIN A., WONG L.-Y., JONES R.S., PARK A., ZHANG Y., HODGE C., DIPIETRO E., MCCLURE C., TURNER W., NEEDHAM L.L. Serum concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and polybrominated biphenyl (pbb) in the united states population: 2003–2004. Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 1377, 2008.
• 58. MCELROY J.A., KANAREK M.S., TRENTHAM-DIETZ A., ROBERT S.A., HAMPTON J.M., NEWCOMB P.A., ANDERSON H.A., REMINGTON P.L. Potential exposure to pcbs, ddt, and pbdes from sport-caught fish consumption in relation to breast cancer risk in wisconsin. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 156, 2004.
• 59. DANJOU A.M.N., FERVERS B., BOUTRON-RUAULT M.C., PHILIP T., CLAVEL-CHAPELON F., DOSSUS L. Estimated dietary dioxin exposure and breast cancer risk among women from the french e3n prospective cohort. Breast Cancer Res. 17, 2015.
• 60. MANUWALD U., GARRIDO M.V., BERGER J., MANZ A., BAUR X. Mortality study of chemical workers exposed to dioxins: Follow-up 23 years after chemical plant closure. Occup Environ Med 69, 636, 2012.
• 61. CHAN M.Y., HUANG H., LEUNG L.K. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin increases aromatase (cyp19) mrna stability in mcf-7 cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 317, 8, 2010.
• 62. REVICH B., AKSEL E., USHAKOVA T., IVANOVA I., ZHUCHENKO N., KLYUEV N., BRODSKY B., SOTSKOV Y. Dioxin exposure and public health in chapaevsk, russia. Chemosphere 43, 951, 2001.
• 63. PETREAS M., SMITH D., HURLEY S., JEFFREY S.S., GILLISS D., REYNOLDS P. Distribution of persistent, lipid-soluble chemicals in breast and abdominal adipose tissues: Lessons learned from a breast cancer study. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 13, 416, 2004.
• 64. STEENLAND K., BERTAZZI P., BACCARELLI A., KOGEVINAS M. Dioxin revisited: Developments since the 1997 iarc classification of dioxin as a human carcinogen. Environ. Health Perspect. 112, 1265, 2004.
• 65. NEBERT D.W., DALTON T.P., OKEY A.B., GONZALEZ F.J. Role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated induction of the cyp1 enzymes in environmental toxicity and cancer. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 23847, 2004.
• 66. SHI Z.Q., DRAGIN N., MILLER M.L., STRINGER K.F., JOHANSSON E., CHEN J., UNO S., GONZALEZ F.J., RUBIO C.A., NEBERT D.W. Oral benzo[a]pyrene-induced cancer: Two distinct types in different target organs depend on the mouse cyp1 genotype. Int. J. Cancer 127, 2334, 2010.
• 67. LEW B.J., COLLINS L.L., O’REILLY M.A., LAWRENCE B.P. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor during different critical windows in pregnancy alters mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Toxicol. Sci. 111, 151, 2009.
• 68. WANG S.L., CHANG Y.C., CHAO H.R., LI C.M., LI L.A., LIN L.Y., PAPKE O. Body burdens of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and biphenyls and their relations to estrogen metabolism in pregnant women. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 740, 2006.
• 69. CASTRO-RIVERA E., WORMKE M., SAFE S. Estrogen and aryl hydrocarbon responsiveness of ecc-1 endometrial cancer cells. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 150, 11, 1999.
• 70. PEARCE S.T., LIU H., RADHAKRISHNAN I., ABDELRAHIM M., SAFE S., JORDAN V.C. Interaction of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand 6-methyl-1,3,8-trichlorodibenzofuran with estrogen receptor alpha. Cancer Res. 64, 2889, 2004.
• 71. BOVERHOF D.R., KWEKEL J.C., HUMES D.G., BURGOON L.D., ZACHAREWSKI T.R. Dioxin induces an estrogen-like, estrogen receptor-dependent gene expression response in the murine uterus. Mol. Pharmacol. 69, 1599, 2006.
• 72. GJERNES M.H., SCHLENK D., ARUKWE A. Estrogen receptor-hijacking by dioxin-like 3,3’ 4,4’,5- pentachlorobiphenyl (pcb126) in salmon hepatocytes involves both receptor activation and receptor protein stability. Aquat. Toxicol. 124, 197, 2012.
• 73. SPINK B.C., BENNETT J.A., LOSTRITTO N., COLE J.R., SPINK D.C. Expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor is not required for the proliferation, migration, invasion, or estrogen-dependent tumorigenesis of mcf-7 breast cancer cells. Mol. Carcinog. 52, 544, 2013.
• 74. BRUNNBERG S., ANDERSSON P., POELLINGER L., HANBERG A. The constitutively active ah receptor (caahr) mouse as a model for dioxin exposure - effects in reproductive organs. Chemosphere 85, 1701, 2011.
• 75. MADAK-ERDOGAN Z., KATZENELLENBOGEN B.S. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor modulation of estrogen receptor alpha-mediated gene regulation by a multimeric chromatin complex involving the two receptors and the coregulator rip140. Toxicol. Sci. 125, 401, 2012.
• 76. FLESCH-JANYS D. Analyses of exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and hexachlorocyclohexane and different health outcomes in a cohort of former herbicideproducing workers in hamburg, germany. Teratog., Carcinog. Mutagen. 17, 257, 1997.
• 77. WARNER M., ESKENAZI B., MOCARELLI P., GERTHOUX P.M., SAMUELS S., NEEDHAM L., PATTERSON D., BRAMBILLA P. Serum dioxin concentrations and breast cancer risk in the seveso women’s health study. Environ. Health Perspect. 110, 625, 2002.
• 78. PESATORI A.C., CONSONNI D., RUBAGOTTI M., GRILLO P., BERTAZZI P.A. Cancer incidence in the population exposed to dioxin after the „seveso accident”: Twenty years of follow-up. Environ Health 8, 2009.
• 79. DAI D., OYANA T.J. Spatial variations in the incidence of breast cancer and potential risks associated with soil dioxin contamination in midland, saginaw, and bay counties, Michigan, USA. Environ Health 7, 2008.
• 80. BIDGOLI S.A., EFTEKHARI T., SADEGHIPOUR R. Role of xenoestrogens and endogenous sources of estrogens on the occurrence of premenopausal breast cancer in iran. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 12, 2425, 2011.
• 81. VIEL J.F., CLEMENT M.C., HAGI M., GRANDJEAN S., CHALLIER B., DANZON A. Dioxin emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator and risk of invasive breast cancer: A population-based case-control study with gisderived exposure. Int J Health Geogr 7, 2008.
• 82. SHE J., HOLDEN A., SHARP M., TANNER M., WILLIAMS-DERRY C., HOOPER K. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) and polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) in breast milk from the pacific northwest. Chemosphere 67, S307, 2007.
• 83. THOMPSON M.R., BOEKELHEIDE K. Multiple environmental chemical exposures to lead, mercury and polychlorinated biphenyls among childbearing-aged women (nhanes 1999-2004): Body burden and risk factors. Environ. Res. 121, 23, 2013.
• 84. WOLFF M.S., BERKOWITZ G.S., BROWER S., SENIE R., BLEIWEISS I.J., TARTTER P., PACE B., ROY N., WALLENSTEIN S., WESTON A. Organochlorine exposures and breast cancer risk in new york city women. Environ. Res. 84, 151, 2000.
• 85. KEY T., REEVES G. Organochlorines in the environment and breast cancer. BMJ 308, 1520, 1994.
• 86. ADAMI H.O., LIPWORTH L., TITUS-ERNSTOFF L., HSIEH C.C., HANBERG A., AHLBORG U., BARON J., TRICHOPOULOS D. Organochlorine compounds and estrogen-related cancers in women. Cancer Causes Control 6, 551, 1995.
• 87. GOLDEN R., DOULL J., WADDELL W., MANDEL J. Potential human cancer risks from exposure to pcbs: A tale of two evaluations. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 33, 543, 2003.
• 88. BOSETTI C., NEGRI E., FATTORE E., LA VECCHIA C. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and cancer risk. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 12, 251, 2003.
• 89. BRODY J.G., MOYSICH K.B., HUMBLET O., ATTFIELD K.R., BEEHLER G.P., RUDEL R.A. Environmental pollutants and breast cancer - epidemiologic studies. Cancer 109, 2667, 2007.
• 90. WOOLCOTT C.G., ARONSON K.J., HANNA W.M., SENGUPTA S.K., MCCREADY D.R., STERNS E.E., MILLER A.B. Organochlorines and breast cancer risk by receptor status, tumor size, and grade (canada). Cancer Causes Control 12, 395, 2001.
• 91. DEMERS A., AYOTTE P., BRISSON J., DODIN S., ROBERT J., DEWAILLY É. Plasma concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls and the risk of breast cancer: A congener-specific analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 155, 629, 2002.
• 92. DIORIO C., DUMAS I., SANDANGER T.M., AYOTTE P. Levels of circulating polychlorinated biphenyls and mammographic breast density. Anticancer Res. 33, 5483, 2013.
• 93. FENTON S.E. Endocrine-disrupting compounds and mammary gland development: Early exposure and later life consequences. Endocrinology 147, s18, 2006.
• 94. COHN B.A., TERRY M.B., PLUMB M., CIRILLO P.M. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyl (pcb) congeners measured shortly after giving birth and subsequent risk of maternal breast cancer before age 50. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 136, 267, 2012.
• 95. GOLDEN R., KIMBROUGH R. Weight of evidence evaluation of potential human cancer risks from exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: An update based on studies published since 2003. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 39, 299, 2009.
• 96. SILVER S.R., WHELAN E.A., DEDDENS J.A., STEENLAND N.K., HOPF N.B., WATERS M.A., RUDER A.M., PRINCE M.M., YONG L.C., HEIN M.J. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of breast cancer. Environ. Health Perspect. 117, 276, 2009

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.15244/pjoes/64282